Iridium thin-film coatings for the BabyIAXO hybrid
X-ray optic

Peter L. Henriksen; Desiree D. M. Ferreira; Sonny Massahi; Marta C. Civitani; Stefano Basso; Julia Vogel; Jaime R. Armendariz; Erik B. Knudsen; Igor G. Irastorza; Finn E. Christensen

doi:10.1364/AO.430304

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 22,
pp. 6671-6681
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.430304

Iridium thin-film coatings for the BabyIAXO hybrid X-ray optic

Peter L. Henriksen, Desiree D. M. Ferreira, Sonny Massahi, Marta C. Civitani, Stefano Basso, Julia Vogel, Jaime R. Armendariz, Erik B. Knudsen, Igor G. Irastorza, and Finn E. Christensen

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Peter L. Henriksen, Desiree D. M. Ferreira, Sonny Massahi, Marta C. Civitani, Stefano Basso, Julia Vogel, Jaime R. Armendariz, Erik B. Knudsen, Igor G. Irastorza, and Finn E. Christensen, "Iridium thin-film coatings for the BabyIAXO hybrid X-ray optic," Appl. Opt. 60, 6671-6681 (2021)

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- Terahertz and X-ray Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 3, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: June 22, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: June 28, 2021
- Published: July 30, 2021

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Abstract

Reflective coatings are an essential feature of X-ray telescopes. Their overall performance relies heavily on substrate compatibility and how well they conform to the optics assembly processes. We use X-ray reflectometry (XRR) to demonstrate the compatibility of shaping flat substrates coated with iridium, and show that specular and nonspecular reflectance before and after shaping is on par with traditional hot-slumped coated substrates. From 1.487 and $8.048\;{\rm keV} $ measurements, we find that the substrates have rms roughness of $0.38\;{\rm nm} $ and magnetron sputtered iridium deposits with rms surface roughness of $0.27 {-} 0.35\;{\rm nm} $. A hydrocarbon overlayer from atmospheric contamination is present with a thickness of $1.4$–$1.6\;{\rm nm} $ and a density of $1.2 {-} 1.6\,\,{\rm g}/{{\rm cm}^3}$. Both the traditional hot slumped and the flat substrates undergoing post-coating shaping have a similar characteristic surface morphology and are equally well-suited for use with X-ray optics. Finally, we demonstrate by simulation the improved effective area achieved by using a low-Z overlayer, and illustrate the performance of a hybrid optic coated with optimized bilayers for a Primakoff axion spectrum emitted by the sun.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the X-ray reflectometry results presented in this paper are available in Ref. [33].

33. P. L. Henriksen, D. Della Monica Ferreira, S. Massahi, M. Civitani, S. Basso, J. Vogel, J. Armendariz, E. Bergbäck Knudsen, I. Irastorza, and F. E. Christensen, “XRR data from Ir thin-film coatings for the BabyIAXO hybrid X-ray optic,” figshare (2021), https://data.dtu.dk/articles/dataset/XRR_data_from_Ir_thin-film_coatings_for_the_BabyIAXO_hybrid_X-ray_optic/14784393.

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Sample ID	Substrate Type	Substrate Thickness ( $µ m$ )	Ir Thickness (nm)	Shaping
W1-10-Flat	Willow	100	10	None
W1-10-Shaped	Willow	100	10	Post-coating
W1-30-Flat	Willow	100	30	None
W1-30-Shaped	Willow	100	30	Post-coating
W2-10-Flat	Willow	200	10	None
W2-10-Shaped	Willow	200	10	Post-coating
W2-30-Flat (uncleaned)	Willow	200	30	None
W2-30-Shaped	Willow	200	30	Post-coating
NS-10-Mid	NuSTAR	210	10	Pre-coating (NuSTAR mid radius)
NS-30-Mid	NuSTAR	210	30	Pre-coating (NuSTAR mid radius)
NS-10-Out	NuSTAR	210	10	Pre-coating (NuSTAR outer radius)
NS-30-Out	NuSTAR	210	30	Pre-coating (NuSTAR outer radius)

Sample ID	Measurement Time	XRR Energy	COH $ρ$ ( $g / {c m}^{3}$ )	COH $z$ (nm)	Ir $z$ (nm)	Ir $σ$ (nm)
W1-10-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.3	0.32
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.3	0.28
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	10.3	0.27
W1-10-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.4	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	10.4	0.29
W1-30-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	32.3	0.35
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	32.3	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.4	32.2	0.32
W1-30-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	32.2	0.33
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	32.2	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	32.2	0.32
W2-10-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.4	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.6	10.4	0.30
W2-10-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.5	0.31
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.5	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
W2-30-Flat (uncleaned)	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.5	31.8	0.34
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	31.8	0.32
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	31.8	0.31
W2-30-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	31.8	0.32
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	31.9	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	31.8	0.30
NS-10-Mid	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	10.2	0.28
NS-10-Mid	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.6	10.2	0.35
NS-30-Mid	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.4	31.0	0.34
NS-30-Mid	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	31.1	0.36
NS-10-Out	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.4	10.2	0.30
NS-10-Out	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.1	1.6	10.2	0.34
NS-30-Out	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.5	31.1	0.33
NS-30-Out	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.5	31.1	0.34

Sample ID	Substrate Type	Substrate Thickness ( $µ m$ )	Ir Thickness (nm)	Shaping
W1-10-Flat	Willow	100	10	None
W1-10-Shaped	Willow	100	10	Post-coating
W1-30-Flat	Willow	100	30	None
W1-30-Shaped	Willow	100	30	Post-coating
W2-10-Flat	Willow	200	10	None
W2-10-Shaped	Willow	200	10	Post-coating
W2-30-Flat (uncleaned)	Willow	200	30	None
W2-30-Shaped	Willow	200	30	Post-coating
NS-10-Mid	NuSTAR	210	10	Pre-coating (NuSTAR mid radius)
NS-30-Mid	NuSTAR	210	30	Pre-coating (NuSTAR mid radius)
NS-10-Out	NuSTAR	210	10	Pre-coating (NuSTAR outer radius)
NS-30-Out	NuSTAR	210	30	Pre-coating (NuSTAR outer radius)

Sample ID	Measurement Time	XRR Energy	COH $ρ$ ( $g / {c m}^{3}$ )	COH $z$ (nm)	Ir $z$ (nm)	Ir $σ$ (nm)
W1-10-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.3	0.32
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.3	0.28
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	10.3	0.27
W1-10-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.4	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	10.4	0.29
W1-30-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	32.3	0.35
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	32.3	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.4	32.2	0.32
W1-30-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	32.2	0.33
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	32.2	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	32.2	0.32
W2-10-Flat	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.4	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.6	10.4	0.30
W2-10-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.5	0.31
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	10.5	0.27
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.5	1.6	10.4	0.30
W2-30-Flat (uncleaned)	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.5	31.8	0.34
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	31.8	0.32
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	31.8	0.31
W2-30-Shaped	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	31.8	0.32
	January 2020	8.048 keV	–	–	31.9	0.30
	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.6	1.5	31.8	0.30
NS-10-Mid	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.4	10.2	0.28
NS-10-Mid	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.3	1.6	10.2	0.35
NS-30-Mid	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.4	31.0	0.34
NS-30-Mid	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.4	1.6	31.1	0.36
NS-10-Out	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.4	10.2	0.30
NS-10-Out	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.1	1.6	10.2	0.34
NS-30-Out	January 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.5	31.1	0.33
NS-30-Out	August 2020	1.487 keV	1.2	1.5	31.1	0.34

Abstract

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (11)

Tables (2)

Equations (2)

Applied Optics