Design and characteristic analysis of an all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR Y-shaped MIM waveguide for high-speed information processing

Alluru Sreevani; Ipshitha Charles; Sandip Swarnakar; Sabbi Vamshi Krishna; Santosh Kumar; Santosh Kumar

doi:10.1364/AO.451871

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 5,
pp. 1212-1218
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.451871

Design and characteristic analysis of an all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR Y-shaped MIM waveguide for high-speed information processing

Alluru Sreevani, Ipshitha Charles, Sandip Swarnakar, Sabbi Vamshi Krishna, and Santosh Kumar

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Alluru Sreevani, Ipshitha Charles, Sandip Swarnakar, Sabbi Vamshi Krishna, and Santosh Kumar, "Design and characteristic analysis of an all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR Y-shaped MIM waveguide for high-speed information processing," Appl. Opt. 61, 1212-1218 (2022)

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Abstract

All-optical logic gates are exceptionally suited for Boolean ultrahigh-speed operation and logical computing. This study presents a plasmonic model that uses a Y-shaped metal–insulator–metal waveguide structure that realizes the ultrafast all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR gate operation that is developed at a footprint of $6.6 \; \unicode{x00B5}{\rm m} \times 3.4\; \unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$ with a wavelength of 1.55 µm. This construction relies on the notion of linear interference. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the model are observed as 1.49 dB and 21.49 dB for AND, 1.03 dB and 18.97 dB for XOR, and 2.06 dB, and 10.92 dB for XNOR, respectively. The transmission efficiency, response time, and speed of the structure also are calculated and are used to improve the performance of any complex circuit in the future. The theoretical analysis of the proposed structure is carried out using the finite-difference time-domain method.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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	Variations in S-bend length ( $L_{S}$ )			Variations in SD			Variations in linear length ( $L_{L}$ )
	S-bend length	Normalized output power		Input	Normalized output power		Linear length	Normalized output power
Sl. No.	$L_{S}$ (µm)	$P_{H}$	$P_{L}$	SD (µm)	$P_{H}$	$P_{L}$	$L_{L}$ (µm)	$P_{H}$	$P_{L}$
1.	3.4	1.40	0.13	2.5	1.64	0.18	3.2	1.97	0.17
2.	3.5	1.40	0.13	2.6	1.40	0.18	3.1	1.67	0.15
3.	3.6	1.34	0.12	2.7	1.56	0.16	3.0	1.53	0.14
4.	3.7	1.29	0.12	2.8	1.43	0.14	2.9	1.36	0.14
5.	3.8	1.61	0.13	2.9	1.47	0.15	2.8	1.49	0.14
6.	3.9	1.56	0.15	3.0	1.51	0.15	2.7	1.62	0.14
7.	4.0	1.44	0.14	3.1	1.55	0.15	2.6	1.45	0.13
8.	4.1	1.65	0.15	3.2	1.61	0.14	2.5	1.30	0.12
9.	4.2	1.93	0.17	3.3	1.51	0.14	2.4	1.31	0.12
10.	–	–	–	3.4	1.52	0.13	–	–	–
11.	–	–	–	3.5	1.66	0.17	–	–	–
12.	–	–	–	3.6	1.57	0.17	–	–	–

Sl. No.	Simulation Parameters	Value
1	Wavelength	1.55 µm
2	Type of Polarization	TE
3	Input field transverse	Gaussian
4	Number of mesh cells X	64
5	Number of mesh cells Z	101
6	Mesh Delta X (µm)	0.062
7	Mesh Delta Z (µm)	0.062
8	Signal strength for logic 0	0.7e9 W/m
9	Signal strength for logic 1	3e9 W/m

			XNOR gate			XOR gate			AND gate
	Inputs		Phase angle		Output power	Phase angle		Output power	Phase angle		Output power
Sl. No.	$I_{1}$	$I_{2}$	$Φ_{I_{1}}$	$Φ_{I_{2}}$	( $P_{o u t}$ )	$Φ_{I_{1}}$	$Φ_{I_{2}}$	( $P_{o u t}$ )	$Φ_{I_{1}}$	$Φ_{I_{2}}$	( $P_{o u t}$ )
1.	0	0	0°	0°	1.61	0°	180°	0.01	0°	180°	0.01
2.	0	1	0°	180°	0.13	0°	0°	0.76	0°	180°	0.08
3.	1	0	0°	180°	0.16	0°	0°	0.8	0°	180°	0.11
4.	1	1	0°	0°	1.61	0°	180°	0.01	0°	0°	1.41

Sl. No.	Parameters	XNOR	XOR	AND
1.	Extinction ratio (ER) (dB)	10.92	18.97	21.49
2.	Insertion loss (IL) (dB)	2.06	1.03	1.49
3.	Transmission efficiency (%)	161	79	141
4.	Response time (fs)	48	24	48
5.	Speed (Tb/s)	20.8	41.6	20.8

Structure	Designed gate	Dimensions (µm)	Extinction ratio (dB)	Transmission efficiency (%)	Response time (fs)	Insertion loss (dB)	Ref. No.
Nanoring IMI plasmonic waveguide	AND	$0.4 \times 0.4$	14.89	72	n.m.	n.m.	[17]
	XOR	$0.4 \times 0.4$	12.55	63	n.m.	n.m.
	XNOR	$0.4 \times 0.4$	10.88	175	n.m.	n.m.
Y-branch waveguide	AND	$11.6 \times 13.8$	5.4	n.m.	n.m.	n.m.	[22]
Y-branch waveguide	XOR	$11.6 \times 13.8$	33	n.m.	n.m.	n.m.	[22]
Nanoring IMI waveguides	AND	$0.35 \times 0.35$	7.36	126	n.m.	n.m.	[23]
	XOR	$0.35 \times 0.35$	11.78	88.3	n.m.	n.m.
	XNOR	$0.35 \times 0.35$	2.88	126	n.m.	n.m.
Y-shaped plasmonic waveguide	AND	$4 \times 7$	14.11	n.m.	n.m.	0.165	[24]
MIM waveguide	XOR	$13 µ m^{2}$	27.80	155	n.m.	n.m.	[26]
MIM plasmonic ring resonators	XOR	n.m.^a	22.9	90	n.m.	n.m.	[28]
MIM plasmonic ring resonators	XNOR	n.m.	22.66	78	n.m.	n.m.	[28]
SOA	AND	500 long	8.5	n.m.	n.m.	n.m.	[29]
Gold disk-shaped nanoparticles	XOR	smaller than 60 nm	26	90	n.m.	n.m.	[30]
Hybrid MIM waveguide	XOR	$17.12 \times 19.6$	26	n.m.	n.m.	n.m.	[36]
Y-shaped MIM waveguide	AND	$6.6 \times 3.4$	21.49	141	48 fs	1.49	Present work
	XOR	$6.6 \times 3.4$	18.97	79	24 fs	1.03
	XNOR	$6.6 \times 3.4$	10.92	161	48 fs	2.06

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Applied Optics