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Experimental demonstration of high-rate discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution system

Yan Pan, Heng Wang, Yun Shao, Yaodi Pi, Yang Li, Bin Liu, Wei Huang, and Bingjie Xu

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

A high-rate continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system based on high-order discrete modulation is experimentally investigated. With the help of the novel system scheme, effective digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms and advanced analytical security proof methods, the transmission results of 5.059 km, 10.314 km, 24.490 km, and 50.592 km are achieved for 1 GBaud optimized quantum signals. Correspondingly, the asymptotic secret key rates (SKRs) are 292.185 Mbps, 156.246 Mbps, 50.491 Mbps, and 7.495 Mbps for discrete Gaussian (DG) 64QAM, and 328.297 Mbps, 176.089 Mbps, 51.304 Mbps, and 9.193 Mbps for DG 256QAM, respectively. Under the same parameters, the achieved SKRs of DG 256QAM is almost same as ideal Gaussian modulation. In this case, the demonstrated high-rate discrete-modulated CV-QKD system has the application potential for high-speed security communication under tens of kilometers.

© 2022 Optica Publishing Group

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Constellations of: (a) DG 64QAM with ν = 0.07, and (b) DG 256QAM with ν = 0.035.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Simulation results of optimized υ and VA for different values of distance to achieve maximum SKR.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Experimental schematic of discrete-modulated LLO CV-QKD. CW, continuous-wave; PBS, polarization beam splitter; AWG, arbitrary waveform generator; Amp., amplifier; VOA, variable optical attenuator; IQ Mod., In-phase/quadrature modulator; PC, polarization controller; PBC, polarization beam combiner; DMCS, discrete-modulated coherent-state; SSMF, standard single-mode fiber; PMOC, polarization-maintaining optical coupler; BPD, balanced photo-detector; DSO, digital storage oscilloscope; DSP, digital signal processing. The polarization-maintaining fiber is shown as green lines and SSMF is shown as brown lines.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Excess noise performance for DG 64QAM and 256QAM over: (a) 5.059 km, (b) 10.314 km, (c) 24.490 km, and (d) 50.592 km SSMF.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. SKRs versus transmission distances: (a) DG 64QAM, and (b) DG 256QAM. The five gray points represent the experimental SKR value obtained from the corresponding references. Para., parameter. Para. 1/5, 2/6, 3/7, and 4/8 represent the parameters shown in Table 1 at the transmission distances of 5.059 km, 10.314 km, 24.490 km, and 50.592 km for DG 64QAM/256QAM, respectively. The solid lines represent theoretical SKRs.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Key Parameters and Measured Averaged Results for DG 64QAM and 256QAM

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Equations (2)

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P x k , p k = exp ⁡ ( − ν ( x k 2 + p k 2 ) ) ∑ x k , p k exp ⁡ ( − ν ( x k 2 + p k 2 ) ) ,
S K R = R S ( 1 − P T S ) ( β I A B − χ E B ) ,
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