Abstract
Imaging neural activity using genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) is a widely-used method for in vivo neurophysiology. It allows tracking of neuronal activity in genetically-defined neuronal populations, as well as small neuronal compartments, over time scales of milliseconds to months. Current state-of-the-art GECIs are based on green fluorescent protein (GFP). Red-shifted GECIs are expected to have some advantages over green GECIs for in vivo imaging because of reduced scattering and absorption in tissue. However, a significant optimization of the existing red GECIs is required to make them equivalent to the best GFP-based GCaMP6 indicators. We optimized red GECIs based on mRuby (jRCaMP1a, b) and mApple (jRGECO1a), with sensitivity comparable to GCaMP6. These red GECIs perform well for deep-tissue imaging and combining optogenetics with calcium imaging.
© 2016 Optical Society of America
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