Author Affiliations

Nanxi Li,^1,2,* Purnawirman,¹ Zhan Su,¹ Emir Salih Magden,¹ Patrick T. Callahan,¹ Katia Shtyrkova,¹ Ming Xin,¹ Alfonso Ruocco,¹ Christopher Baiocco,³ Erich P. Ippen,¹ Franz X. Kärtner,^1,4 Jonathan D. B. Bradley,^1,5 Diedrik Vermeulen,¹ and Michael R. Watts¹

¹Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

²John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

³College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12203, USA

⁴Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY and Hamburg University, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

⁵Current address: Department of Engineering Physics,McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada

^*Corresponding author: nanxili@mit.edu