Abstract
Thermal poling freezes an intense static electric field (Edc) in glass resulting in a permanent second-order nonlinearity via a rectification process: χ(2)=3χ(3)Edc. The low third-order nonlinearity limits the χ(2) of silica glass to 0.7 pm/V. Hence, poling of high χ(3) glasses offers an attractive route towards glass based integrated electro-optical modulators and frequency converters for which χ(2) of the order of 5 pm/V or higher would be desirable. In the present work 2 pm/V have been demonstrated in poled bismuth-zinc-borate glass planar waveguides with opportunely chosen substrates having lower electrical resistance than the guiding region. The innovative sample configuration, which provided a 4-fold improvement in the induced χ(2) compared to bulk glasses [1], was suggested by a poling model that takes into account both ionic and electronic conduction. The χ(2) is found to be limited by the onset of nonlinear conductivity. This work opens the way to a further enhancement of χ(2) through tailoring the nonlinear conductivity via the glass composition and preparation.
© 2009 IEEE
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