Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as an increasingly serious threat to the effective prevention and treatment of a wide range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. As such, AMR has become a major public health concern all over the world [1]. For example, resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to one of the most widely used medicines (fluoroquinolone antibiotics) for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is already widespread.

© 2017 IEEE