Abstract

The areal energy density of fuel cells and batteries is proportional to the mass loading of the electrochemically active materials. As can be expected, the development of 3D electrodes holds promise for the implementation of highly efficient energy and power capabilities of fuel cells [1] and batteries [2]. Despite the development of some proof-of-concept examples, currently there are no 3D electrodes that simultaneously possess dimensional compatibility, high mass activity, and high electrochemical performance. This problem is hindering successful implementation of energy applications. Hence, successful development of 3D electrodes with all these features is essential for further advancement of energy applications.

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