Abstract

Studying networks of interconnected neurons located in different planes at physiological speed is essential to understand the brain. However, 3D calcium or voltage imaging remain challenging since dim fluorescence signals located in non-deterministic 3D (x, y, z) positions need to be imaged at a high frame rates (typ. 0.1-1 KHz) with a good signal-to-noise ratio to detect short action potentials (typ. 1 ms for voltage imaging) [1,2]. When imaging such short, 3D-distributed and dim events, the main drawbacks of sequential z-scanning of the imaging plane are the reduction of SNR, temporal resolution, and an increased risk of missing action potentials occurring in a given plane while imaging another one.

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