Author Affiliations

Emir Salih Magden,^1,* Patrick T. Callahan,¹ Nanxi Li,^1,2 Katia Shtyrkova,¹ Alfonso Ruocco,¹ Neetesh Singh,¹ Ming Xin,¹ Diedrik Vermeulen,¹ Jonathan D. B. Bradley,^1,3 Gerald Leake,⁴ Douglas D. Coolbaugh,⁴ Leslie A. Kolodziejski,¹ Franz X. Kärtner,^1,5 Erich P. Ippen,¹ and Michael R. Watts¹

¹Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

²John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, 29 Oxford Street, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

³Current address: Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada

⁴College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12203, USA

⁵Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

^*Corresponding author: esm@mit.edu