Author Affiliations

Patrick T. Callahan,¹ Katia Shtyrkova,¹ Nanxi Li,^1,2 E. Salih Magden,¹ Purnawirman,¹ Christopher Baiocco,³ Douglas Coolbaugh,³ Erich P. Ippen,¹ Michael R. Watts,¹ and Franz X. Kärtner^1,4,5

¹Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

²School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

³College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Rd. Albany, NY 12203, USA

⁴Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Notkestraβe 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany

⁵Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektron-Synchrotron, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany