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Recent studies have shown that the photon avalanche by cross-relaxation induced excited-state absorption (ESA) presents potential for visible upconversion laser emission under infrared laser pumping In all these systems the cross-relaxation process that feeds the reservoir level for ESA takes place inside the system of active ions, and in order to sustain the avalanche it must be more efficient than the feeding of the ground state by emission from the laser level. Usually, this implies large activator concentrations with corresponding technological complications.
© 1996 IEEE
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