Author Affiliations

Chen-Ting Liao,^1,2,* Arjun Rana,^2,3 Ezio Iacocca,^4,5 Ji Zou,¹ Minh Pham,^2,6 Xingyuan Lu,^3,7 Emma-Elizabeth Cating Subramanian,^1,2 Yuan Hung Lo,^2,3 Sinéad A. Ryan,^1,2 Charles S. Bevis,^1,2 Robert M. Karl, Jr,^1,2 Andrew J. Glaid,⁸ Jeffrey Rable,⁸ Pratibha Mahale,^8,9 Joel Hirst,¹⁰ Thomas Ostler,^10,11 William Liu,^2,3 Colum M. O'Leary,^2,3 Young-Sang Yu,¹² Karen Bustillo,¹³ Hendrik Ohldag,¹² David A. Shapiro,¹² Sadegh Yazdi,¹⁴ Thomas E. Mallouk,^8,9 Stanley J. Osher,^2,6 Henry C. Kapteyn,^1,2 Vincent H. Crespi,⁸ John V. Badding,⁸ Yaroslav Tserkovnyak,¹ Jianwei (John) Miao,^2,3 and Margaret M. Murnane^1,2

¹JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.

²STROBE Science and Technology Center.

³Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

⁴Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.

⁵Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.

⁶Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

⁷School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.

⁸Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

⁹Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.

¹⁰Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.

¹¹Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.

¹²Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

¹³National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

¹⁴Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

^*Corresponding author: ChenTing.Liao@colorado.edu