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Biomaterials as second harmonic probes for bioimaging and diagnostic applications

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Abstract

Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical (NLO) process in which two incident photons (ω1) interact with an NLO medium and are converted into one new photon with twice the energy, twice the frequency (2ω1), and half the wavelength (λSHG = λ/2) of the original photons.[1] SHG was first demonstrated in 1961 by Franken et al.[2] Since that time, SHG has been used to probe interfaces, in disease diagnosis and for label-free imaging of ordered structures in cells, tissues, and organisms.[3]

Biomaterials, since the dawn of human society, have been widely used as tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery carriers. For example, nacre, also known as mother-of-pearl, was used as dental implants by ancient Mayans. [4] Some biomaterials also hold potentials to be second harmonic probes for bioimaging. I will give three examples to illustrate in this regard: collagen, DNA, and polysulfone. Fibrillar collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and is an extremely bright second-harmonic generator. [1] DNA has also been demonstrated to be an SHG-active material. [5] Polysulfone, a biomaterial commonly used for artificial kidney, has been shown to be a SHG-active biopolymer as well. [6] Their diagnostic applications will be also discussed.

© 2018 The Author(s)

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