Abstract

The concept of photographic refraction of the eye based on an in-focus photograph of the pupil image of a flash source slightly away from the optical axis was developed by Kaakinen (1979). For a flash source positioned below the optic axis running through the camera lens and the pupil, myopia with respect to the camera distance is revealed by a bright crescent appearing at the lower edge of the subject’s pupil, while hyperopia is shown by a crescent at the upper edge. We will call this method "paraxial photorefraction" to distinguish it from the coaxial method of photorefraction of Howland and Howland (1974), since in our optimized version the off-axis flash is within 1° from the optic axis.

© 1985 Optical Society of America