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Degenerate Backward Optical Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers: Conversion Efficiencies and Gain Saturation

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Abstract

Since quasi-phase matching (QPM) was proposed in Ref. [1], there have been many demonstrations [2] of achieving second-harmonic generation (SHG) based on QPM. Recently, due to rapid development of poled nonlinear materials such as LiNbO3, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and amplifiers (OPAs) have been intensively studied [3]. In these investigations, the thickness of each domain is usually much larger than the wavelengths of the parametric and pump wave based on QPM. Recently, GaAs/AlGaAs multilayers [4] and asymmetric coupled quantum-well domain structures [5] were used to achieve SHG. Most recently, we proposed transversely-pumped counter-propagating OPOs and OPAs (TPCOPOs and TPCOPAs) based on semiconductor structures [6], which is the reverse process of surface-emitting sum-frequency generation. In this configuration, the parametric waves counter-propagate in a waveguide along the epitaxial layer plane while pump waves propagate along the surface normal. Oscillation can occur without an external feedback. Such a concept was first introduced for nondegenerate backward OPO based on conventional phase-matching [7]. Recently, we investigated the conversion efficiency vs. the pump intensity in this configuration, however, based on QPM [8]. Here, we present our result of the first study of the degenerate backward optical parametric oscillators (DBOPOs) and optical parametric amplifiers (DBOPAs) in a waveguide based on QPM. DBOPO can occur without an external feedback. This is fundamentally different from conventional OPO. A second-order nonlinear optical material consists of many domains in which the adjacent domains have the opposite signs of second-order susceptibilities, but the same magnitude [χ0(2)], see Fig. 1. The spatial period of the domains is l0 = λ0/n0, where n0 is the effective refractive index the domains at the wavelength λ0. A pump wave at the wavelength in vacuum λ = λ0 propagates along the positive z axis and is reflected by a mirror attached to the right-side facet with the reflectivity R. These two counter-propagating pump waves interact with the nonlinear medium. As a result, DBOPOs can occur in the nonlinear medium, i.e. forward and backward parametric waves are generated and propagate along the positive and negative z axes, respectively, see Fig. 1(a).

© 1996 Optical Society of America

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