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In high concentration erbium doped fibers (above 0.1 to 0.2%), randomly distributed erbium ions are close enough to quench the 4II3/2 level via cooperative upconversion followed mostly by a non radiative deexcitation or less often (≃10-3) by a 980 nm photon emission (Ref. 1).
© 1992 Optical Society of America
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