Abstract

Lens optics is an old, new, and eternal technology. With the progress of science and technology, it is evolving in various forms such as high precision and miniaturization. Similarly, the theory of lens optics continues to advance in various ways. In this presentation, I will introduce two theories which have not been discussed. One is that the image of the small phase point object can be observed by Gouy phase shift when defocused. This will help in the development of microscopes and inspection optical systems. Another is that the point image distribution on the surface tilted from the design image plane can be calculated consistently by using the pupil coordinate which are based on the tilted surface and its normal vector.

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