Abstract
In Lightwave systems with optical amplifiers, the dominant limitations will likely be optical nonlinearities.1 In wavelength- multiplexed systems, interactions between channels can occur through stimulated Raman scattering, cross-phase modulation, and four-photon mixing. In dispersion-shifted fibers the generation of new frequencies by four-photon mixing is well phase matched and this is the dominant nonlinearity. For wavelength- division-multiplexed (WDM) systems with equally spaced channels, the system impact of this effect appears as a fluctuating gain or loss2 for the input signals arising from constructive or destructive interference between the generated waves and the signals themselves. This gives rise to eye closure at the receiver, since the “ones” level has a spread of values ranging from the maximum gain to the maximum loss. The full range of values is typically seen because the relative phases of the channels are uncontrolled owing to laser linewidth, channel frequency fluctuation, and dispersion. It is important to note that this impairment is not an additional source of noise but instead gives a power penalty.
© 1994 Optical Society of America
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