Abstract
Photonic true-time-delay (TTD) networks for microwave antenna applications have been investigated in recent years.1–4 These networks are a hybrid of optical fibers and switching elements,1 a circuit composed of dispersive prisms and a tunable laser,2 or a hybrid circuit of integrated delay lines routing in the electrical domain.3 The authors have developed a fully integrated controllable TTD network using silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLCs),4 which have the characteristics of low loss (0.1 dB/cm or less), far easier polarization maintenance, patterning flexibility (the minimum radius is 2 mm when Δ is 1.5%), and active circuit capability through the thermo-optic effect.5
© 1996 Optical Society of America
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