Abstract

Over the past three decades, refractive errors have been induced in a variety of vertebrate species by various methods. By manipulating the visual environment during early visual experience, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism have been induced. When using defocus to induce refractive error, the error results from an adjustment in the emmetropization process in order to compensate for the induced blur. The rationale associated with lid suture, form deprivation, dark rearing, continuous light exposure, and dim light exposure is less clear.

© 1998 Optical Society of America