Visible and near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water

Ronald A. J. Litjens; Terence I. Quickenden; Colin G. Freeman

doi:10.1364/AO.38.001216

Applied Optics
Vol. 38,
Issue 7,
pp. 1216-1223
(1999)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.38.001216

Visible and near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water

Ronald A. J. Litjens, Terence I. Quickenden, and Colin G. Freeman

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Ronald A. J. Litjens, Terence I. Quickenden, and Colin G. Freeman, "Visible and near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water," Appl. Opt. 38, 1216-1223 (1999)

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Abstract

The optical absorption of pure liquid water in the 300–700-nm region has been measured by use of a long (1.5-m) path-length cell. The absorption spectrum coincides well with the edge of previous data in the 200–320-nm region and provides reliable data in the 320–420-nm region that has until now been a region of considerable unreliability. The data obtained for the 420–700-nm region agree quite well with the means of the existing literature in that well-studied region. The absorptions in the 550–700-nm region show evidence for the overtones and combination tones of the well-known OH stretching frequency at 3500 cm^-1.

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Reference	Symbol	Year	Temperature (K)	O₂ Removal	Cell Material	Net Cell Path Length (cm)	Method	Water Purification
1	●	1980	298.1	Yes	Fused silica	5, 9	Differential path length with two cells; corrected for reflectance	Three distillations, the second one using KMnO₄ and KOH; vapor then passed through an oxidizing furnace at 870 K
2	+	1988	Not given	No	Split-pulse laser method			Doubly distilled
3	O	1986	Not given	No	Fused-quartz windows	50.3	Single cell; windows tilted to minimize reflections	Deionized, then fed through an Organic-pure system and finally distilled twice
4	∇	1979	291.56	Yes	Stainless-steel cylinder with quartz windows	2.5	Optoacoustic spectroscopy	Deionized distilled H₂O, triply distilled under N₂
5	⊕	1978	299.56	No	Fused Pyrex	474.8	Two cells, differential path-length method; split-beam apparatus accounted for reflection from cell window	Deionized, filtered H₂O
6	⊡	1977	Not given	No	Pyrex	8.0	Adiabatic laser calorimetry; corrections were made for cell reflection, heat loss, and separate mass and heat capacities of sample and cell	Doubly distilled in quartz
7	∗	1974	Not given		Infrasil quartz	Various 1.0 → 50.0	Eight cells, differential path-length method; corrected for cell window reflectance and absorbance
8		1973	298.15				Smooth point graph derived from a review of previous literature values
9		1965	Not given	No	Ni cylinders with silica windows	79.2	Two cells, differential path-length method; cells matched to 1%	Doubly distilled in a silica still without boiling
10		1963	296.16	No	Acrylic plastic cylinder with Pyrex windows	72.0	Two cells, differential path-length method; correction for reflection losses	Triply distilled over quartz and filtered
11		1956	292.15	No	Pyrex with silica windows	7.97	Two cells, differential path-length method; no check on cell matching	Triply distilled in silica with first distillation from KMnO₄/Ba(OH)₂
12		1955	Not given	No	Plastic cylinder with silica windows	100	Single cell; no correction for window absorption and reflection	Distilled
13	⋄	1945	Not given	No	Glass	344	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled H₂O allowed to stand for several weeks
14	◆	1939	Not given	No	Brass cylinder lined with ceresin wax	100	Two cells, differential path-length method; no corrections for window absorbance or reflectance	Distilled H₂O, redistilled in a tin still
15	▲	1938	Not given	No	Brass tube, silver plated with plate glass windows	200	Single cell	Doubly distilled in tin; water fed directly to cell
16	⊞	1934	Not given	No	Pyrex cylinder with quartz end windows and rubber washers	271.7	Two cells, differential path-length method; cell windows matched	Distilled H₂O and redistilled in quartz without boiling
17		1933	Not given	No	Cell body unknown, silica windows	2.0	Single cells with movable windows; differential path-length method	Distilled
18	w	1936	Not given	No	Silica windows	2.0	Single cell	Triply distilled
19	□	1931	Not given	No	Quartz optical system	500	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled
20	v	1928	Not given	No	Pyrex cylinders with quartz windows	1.92	Two cells, differential path-length method; no check on cell matching	Triply distilled in Pyrex and redistilled in quartz
21		1925	273.66 299.16 329.16 329.16 350.16 363.16	No	Brass cylinder with glass windows	10	Single cell; corrections for reflectance	Distilled H₂O and boiled
22	∧	1922	Not given	No	Fused Pyrex	90	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled in vacuo without boiling
23		1918	Not given	No	Brass cylinder lined with paraffin	320	Spectrophotometer	Distilled
24		1904	Not given	No	Glass	550		Repeated distillation over KOH and KMnO₄ and redistilled twice; dust removed by precipitation of a gelatinous precipitate
25	○	1895	Not given	No	Glass	0.01–100	Spectrograph and bolometer	Distilled
26	●	1894	Not given	No	Glass cylinder and windows	100	Two cells, differential path-length method; corrections for end reflectance and absorbance	Distilled H₂O, redistilled in black tin, filtered
27	Δ	1891	Not given	No	Glass	200		Distilled and passed through Swedish paper
This paper		1999	298.1	Yes	Borosilicate glass	Various	Differential path length	Triply distilled, with oxidative purification

Wavelength (nm)	Linear Decadic Absorption Coefficient (10^-2 m^-1)
700	20.3 ± 0.9
690	17.7 ± 1.1
680	16.6 ± 0.9
670	15.5 ± 3.3
660	13.3 ± 0.7
650	11.6 ± 0.8
640	11.3 ± 0.8
630	11.4 ± 1.1
620	10.2 ± 0.8
610	10.5 ± 1.2
600	6.0 ± 0.9
590	3.6 ± 1.1
580	2.0 ± 0.6
570	2.8 ± 1.8
560	3.0 ± 1.7
550	1.9 ± 1.2
540	1.5 ± 1.7
530	1.8 ± 1.5
520	1.7 ± 1.8
510	1.8 ± 0.6
500	-0.4 ± 1.7
490	0.6 ± 1.4
480	-0.1 ± 1.2
470	-0.9 ± 1.2
460	1.0 ± 0.9
450	1.0 ± 1.0
440	1.3 ± 0.7
430	1.2 ± 1.2
420	0.5 ± 1.0
410	1.4 ± 1.1
400	2.2 ± 1.6
390	1.2 ± 1.4
380	0.3 ± 1.1
370	0.1 ± 1.6
360	-0.8 ± 2.6
350	0.7 ± 1.2
340	1.2 ± 1.8
330	0.8 ± 1.8
320	1.5 ± 1.1
310	1.5 ± 1.0
300	2.0 ± 1.4

Reference	Symbol	Year	Temperature (K)	O₂ Removal	Cell Material	Net Cell Path Length (cm)	Method	Water Purification
1	●	1980	298.1	Yes	Fused silica	5, 9	Differential path length with two cells; corrected for reflectance	Three distillations, the second one using KMnO₄ and KOH; vapor then passed through an oxidizing furnace at 870 K
2	+	1988	Not given	No	Split-pulse laser method			Doubly distilled
3	O	1986	Not given	No	Fused-quartz windows	50.3	Single cell; windows tilted to minimize reflections	Deionized, then fed through an Organic-pure system and finally distilled twice
4	∇	1979	291.56	Yes	Stainless-steel cylinder with quartz windows	2.5	Optoacoustic spectroscopy	Deionized distilled H₂O, triply distilled under N₂
5	⊕	1978	299.56	No	Fused Pyrex	474.8	Two cells, differential path-length method; split-beam apparatus accounted for reflection from cell window	Deionized, filtered H₂O
6	⊡	1977	Not given	No	Pyrex	8.0	Adiabatic laser calorimetry; corrections were made for cell reflection, heat loss, and separate mass and heat capacities of sample and cell	Doubly distilled in quartz
7	∗	1974	Not given		Infrasil quartz	Various 1.0 → 50.0	Eight cells, differential path-length method; corrected for cell window reflectance and absorbance
8		1973	298.15				Smooth point graph derived from a review of previous literature values
9		1965	Not given	No	Ni cylinders with silica windows	79.2	Two cells, differential path-length method; cells matched to 1%	Doubly distilled in a silica still without boiling
10		1963	296.16	No	Acrylic plastic cylinder with Pyrex windows	72.0	Two cells, differential path-length method; correction for reflection losses	Triply distilled over quartz and filtered
11		1956	292.15	No	Pyrex with silica windows	7.97	Two cells, differential path-length method; no check on cell matching	Triply distilled in silica with first distillation from KMnO₄/Ba(OH)₂
12		1955	Not given	No	Plastic cylinder with silica windows	100	Single cell; no correction for window absorption and reflection	Distilled
13	⋄	1945	Not given	No	Glass	344	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled H₂O allowed to stand for several weeks
14	◆	1939	Not given	No	Brass cylinder lined with ceresin wax	100	Two cells, differential path-length method; no corrections for window absorbance or reflectance	Distilled H₂O, redistilled in a tin still
15	▲	1938	Not given	No	Brass tube, silver plated with plate glass windows	200	Single cell	Doubly distilled in tin; water fed directly to cell
16	⊞	1934	Not given	No	Pyrex cylinder with quartz end windows and rubber washers	271.7	Two cells, differential path-length method; cell windows matched	Distilled H₂O and redistilled in quartz without boiling
17		1933	Not given	No	Cell body unknown, silica windows	2.0	Single cells with movable windows; differential path-length method	Distilled
18	w	1936	Not given	No	Silica windows	2.0	Single cell	Triply distilled
19	□	1931	Not given	No	Quartz optical system	500	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled
20	v	1928	Not given	No	Pyrex cylinders with quartz windows	1.92	Two cells, differential path-length method; no check on cell matching	Triply distilled in Pyrex and redistilled in quartz
21		1925	273.66 299.16 329.16 329.16 350.16 363.16	No	Brass cylinder with glass windows	10	Single cell; corrections for reflectance	Distilled H₂O and boiled
22	∧	1922	Not given	No	Fused Pyrex	90	Two cells, differential path-length method	Distilled in vacuo without boiling
23		1918	Not given	No	Brass cylinder lined with paraffin	320	Spectrophotometer	Distilled
24		1904	Not given	No	Glass	550		Repeated distillation over KOH and KMnO₄ and redistilled twice; dust removed by precipitation of a gelatinous precipitate
25	○	1895	Not given	No	Glass	0.01–100	Spectrograph and bolometer	Distilled
26	●	1894	Not given	No	Glass cylinder and windows	100	Two cells, differential path-length method; corrections for end reflectance and absorbance	Distilled H₂O, redistilled in black tin, filtered
27	Δ	1891	Not given	No	Glass	200		Distilled and passed through Swedish paper
This paper		1999	298.1	Yes	Borosilicate glass	Various	Differential path length	Triply distilled, with oxidative purification

Wavelength (nm)	Linear Decadic Absorption Coefficient (10^-2 m^-1)
700	20.3 ± 0.9
690	17.7 ± 1.1
680	16.6 ± 0.9
670	15.5 ± 3.3
660	13.3 ± 0.7
650	11.6 ± 0.8
640	11.3 ± 0.8
630	11.4 ± 1.1
620	10.2 ± 0.8
610	10.5 ± 1.2
600	6.0 ± 0.9
590	3.6 ± 1.1
580	2.0 ± 0.6
570	2.8 ± 1.8
560	3.0 ± 1.7
550	1.9 ± 1.2
540	1.5 ± 1.7
530	1.8 ± 1.5
520	1.7 ± 1.8
510	1.8 ± 0.6
500	-0.4 ± 1.7
490	0.6 ± 1.4
480	-0.1 ± 1.2
470	-0.9 ± 1.2
460	1.0 ± 0.9
450	1.0 ± 1.0
440	1.3 ± 0.7
430	1.2 ± 1.2
420	0.5 ± 1.0
410	1.4 ± 1.1
400	2.2 ± 1.6
390	1.2 ± 1.4
380	0.3 ± 1.1
370	0.1 ± 1.6
360	-0.8 ± 2.6
350	0.7 ± 1.2
340	1.2 ± 1.8
330	0.8 ± 1.8
320	1.5 ± 1.1
310	1.5 ± 1.0
300	2.0 ± 1.4

Abstract

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Applied Optics