Uncertainties associated to measurements of inherent optical properties in natural waters

Edouard Leymarie; David Doxaran; Marcel Babin

doi:10.1364/AO.49.005415

Applied Optics
Vol. 49,
Issue 28,
pp. 5415-5436
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.005415

Uncertainties associated to measurements of inherent optical properties in natural waters

Edouard Leymarie, David Doxaran, and Marcel Babin

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Edouard Leymarie, David Doxaran, and Marcel Babin, "Uncertainties associated to measurements of inherent optical properties in natural waters," Appl. Opt. 49, 5415-5436 (2010)

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- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 5, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: July 23, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: August 10, 2010
- Published: September 28, 2010
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 5, Iss. 14

Abstract

Monte Carlo simulations are used to explain and quantify the errors in inherent optical properties (IOPs) (absorption and attenuation coefficients) measured using the WET Labs AC-9 submarine spectrophotometer, and to assess correction algorithms. Simulated samples with a wide range of IOPs encountered in natural waters are examined. The relative errors on the measured absorption coefficient are in general lower than 25%, but reach up to 100% in highly scattering waters. Relative errors on attenuation and scattering coefficients are more stable, with an underestimation mainly driven by the volume scattering function. The errors in attenuation and scattering spectral shapes are small.

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Symbol	Parameter and Unit
λ	Light wavelength in vacuum (nm)
$λ_{r}$	Reference near-IR wavelength for scattering correction [2] (nm)
a	Total absorption coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{w}$	Pure seawater absorption coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{NAP}$	Absorption coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{NAP}^{*}$	Mass-specific absorption coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{2} g^{- 1}$ )
$a_{CDOM}$	Absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{Chl}$	Absorption coefficient of phytoplankton particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{Chl}^{*}$	Chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton ( $m^{2} (mg Chl)^{- 1}$ )
$a_{t}$	Absorption coefficient of colored water constituents on top of pure water assigned (true) to each modeled water sample ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{m}$	Absorption coefficient measured by the simulated AC-9 ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{c}$	Absorption coefficient retrieved after scattering correction [2] of the measured $a_{m}$ coefficient( $m^{- 1}$ )
b	Total scattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{b}$	Particulate backscattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{w}$	Pure seawater scattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{Chl}$	Scattering coefficient of phytoplankton particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{NAP}$	Scattering coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{NAP}^{*}$	Mass-specific scattering coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{2} g^{- 1}$ )
$b_{t}$	Scattering coefficient of optically active water constituents on top of pure water assigned (true) to each modeled water sample ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{m}$	Scattering coefficient measured by the simulated AC-9, obtained from the difference $c_{m} - a_{m}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{c}$	Scattering coefficient retrieved after scattering correction [2] expressed as $c_{m} - a_{c}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
c	Total attenuation coefficient expressed as $a + b$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$c_{t}$	Attenuation coefficient obtained as $a_{t} + b_{t}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$c_{m}$	Attenuation coefficient measured with the simulated AC-9 ( $m^{- 1}$ )
x	Variation coefficient a, b, or c ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$ϖ_{0}$	Single scattering albedo (dimensionless)
$P_{a_{t}, b_{t}}^{x}$	Probabilities of detection (number of photons detected divided by the number of photons emitted) for the x-tube and for a given set of inherent optical properties (dimensionless)
L	AC-9 tube length (m)
FOV	Detector field of view (degree, half angle)
$k_{a}$	Scattering error coefficient in the absorption tube, expressed as $(a_{m} - a_{t}) / b_{t}$ (dimensionless)
$k_{c}$	Scattering error coefficient in the attenuation tube, expressed as $(c_{t} - c_{m}) / b_{t}$ (dimensionless)

Name	Description
NAPn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of non-algal particles ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
NAPbkgn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of non-algal particles with significant particulate light absorption in the near-IR spectral region ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
Chln	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of phytoplankton particles ( $n = 1$ , 2, or 3)
CDOMn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of colored dissolved organic matter ( $n = 1$ , 2, or 3)
Mixedn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties result from the mixed contributions of the different colored water constituents ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
FF-xxx	Fournier–Forand phase function with a backscattering ratio of x.xx%
NAP2FFxxx	NAP2 sample with a FF-xxx Fournier–Forand phase function
ChlnFFxxx	Chln sample with a FF-xxx Fournier–Forand phase function

Symbol	Parameter and Unit
λ	Light wavelength in vacuum (nm)
$λ_{r}$	Reference near-IR wavelength for scattering correction [2] (nm)
a	Total absorption coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{w}$	Pure seawater absorption coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{NAP}$	Absorption coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{NAP}^{*}$	Mass-specific absorption coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{2} g^{- 1}$ )
$a_{CDOM}$	Absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{Chl}$	Absorption coefficient of phytoplankton particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{Chl}^{*}$	Chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton ( $m^{2} (mg Chl)^{- 1}$ )
$a_{t}$	Absorption coefficient of colored water constituents on top of pure water assigned (true) to each modeled water sample ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{m}$	Absorption coefficient measured by the simulated AC-9 ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$a_{c}$	Absorption coefficient retrieved after scattering correction [2] of the measured $a_{m}$ coefficient( $m^{- 1}$ )
b	Total scattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{b}$	Particulate backscattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{w}$	Pure seawater scattering coefficient ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{Chl}$	Scattering coefficient of phytoplankton particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{NAP}$	Scattering coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{NAP}^{*}$	Mass-specific scattering coefficient of non-algal particles ( $m^{2} g^{- 1}$ )
$b_{t}$	Scattering coefficient of optically active water constituents on top of pure water assigned (true) to each modeled water sample ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{m}$	Scattering coefficient measured by the simulated AC-9, obtained from the difference $c_{m} - a_{m}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$b_{c}$	Scattering coefficient retrieved after scattering correction [2] expressed as $c_{m} - a_{c}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
c	Total attenuation coefficient expressed as $a + b$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$c_{t}$	Attenuation coefficient obtained as $a_{t} + b_{t}$ ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$c_{m}$	Attenuation coefficient measured with the simulated AC-9 ( $m^{- 1}$ )
x	Variation coefficient a, b, or c ( $m^{- 1}$ )
$ϖ_{0}$	Single scattering albedo (dimensionless)
$P_{a_{t}, b_{t}}^{x}$	Probabilities of detection (number of photons detected divided by the number of photons emitted) for the x-tube and for a given set of inherent optical properties (dimensionless)
L	AC-9 tube length (m)
FOV	Detector field of view (degree, half angle)
$k_{a}$	Scattering error coefficient in the absorption tube, expressed as $(a_{m} - a_{t}) / b_{t}$ (dimensionless)
$k_{c}$	Scattering error coefficient in the attenuation tube, expressed as $(c_{t} - c_{m}) / b_{t}$ (dimensionless)

Name	Description
NAPn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of non-algal particles ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
NAPbkgn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of non-algal particles with significant particulate light absorption in the near-IR spectral region ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
Chln	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of phytoplankton particles ( $n = 1$ , 2, or 3)
CDOMn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties are dominated by those of colored dissolved organic matter ( $n = 1$ , 2, or 3)
Mixedn	Water samples whose inherent optical properties result from the mixed contributions of the different colored water constituents ( $n = 1$ , 2, 3, or 4)
FF-xxx	Fournier–Forand phase function with a backscattering ratio of x.xx%
NAP2FFxxx	NAP2 sample with a FF-xxx Fournier–Forand phase function
ChlnFFxxx	Chln sample with a FF-xxx Fournier–Forand phase function

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Applied Optics