Numerical evaluation of high-energy, laser-Compton x-ray sources for contrast enhancement and dose reduction in clinical imaging via gadolinium-based K-edge subtraction

Trevor Reutershan; Trevor Reutershan; Haytham H. Effarah; Haytham H. Effarah; Agnese Lagzda; C. P. J. Barty; C. P. J. Barty; C. P. J. Barty

doi:10.1364/AO.446189

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 6,
pp. C162-C178
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.446189

Numerical evaluation of high-energy, laser-Compton x-ray sources for contrast enhancement and dose reduction in clinical imaging via gadolinium-based K-edge subtraction

Trevor Reutershan, Haytham H. Effarah, Agnese Lagzda, and C. P. J. Barty

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Trevor Reutershan, Haytham H. Effarah, Agnese Lagzda, and C. P. J. Barty, "Numerical evaluation of high-energy, laser-Compton x-ray sources for contrast enhancement and dose reduction in clinical imaging via gadolinium-based K-edge subtraction," Appl. Opt. 61, C162-C178 (2022)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 18, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: February 1, 2022
- Manuscript Accepted: February 3, 2022
- Published: February 17, 2022
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Applied Optics Radiography, Applied Optics and Data Science (2022)

Abstract

Conventional x-ray sources for medical imaging utilize bremsstrahlung radiation. These sources generate large bandwidth (BW) x-ray spectra with large fractions of photons that impart a dose, but do not contribute to image production. X-ray sources based on laser-Compton scattering can have inherently small energy BWs and can be tuned to low dose-imparting energies, allowing them to take advantage of atomic K-edge contrast enhancement. This paper investigates the use of gadolinium-based K-edge subtraction imaging in the context of mammography using a laser-Compton source through simulations quantifying contrast and dose in such imaging systems as a function of laser-Compton source parameters. Our simulations indicate that a K-edge subtraction image generated with a 0.5% BW (FWHM) laser-Compton x-ray source can obtain an equal contrast to a bremsstrahlung image with only 3% of the dose.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Electron Beam Parameters		Laser Parameters
Micro-bunch charge	25 pC	Laser micro-pulse energy	10 mJ
Pulse structure	1000 micro-bunches/pulse	Laser wavelength	354 nm
Repetition rate	400 Hz	Repetition rate	400 Hz
$e^{-}$ beam energy	30–100 MeV	Laser pulse duration	2 ps
$e^{-}$ beam energy spread	0.03%	Laser beam spot size	$> 5 µ m$
RF	11.424 GHz
$e^{-}$ beam emittance	0.2 mm mrad	X-ray characteristics
$e^{-}$ beam size at the interaction point/spot size (RMS)	5 µm	Total x-ray flux	$> 1 0^{12} p h s^{- 1}$
$e^{-}$ bunch length	2 ps	Tunable energy range	30–3 MeV
Interaction angle	$π$ (head-on)	X-ray spot size (RMS)	5 µm
		Minimum on-axis energy BW ( $Δ$ E/E, FWHM)	$1 0^{- 3}$

GBCA	Type	Excretion	Concentration ( $M$ )	Recommended Dose ( $m m o l k g^{- 1}$ )
Gadopentetate dimeglumine	linear, ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadobenate dimeglumine	linear, ionic	95–96% renal4–5% hepatic	0.5	0.1
Gadodiamide	linear, non-ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadoterate meglumine	cyclic, ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadoteridol	cyclic, non-ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadobutrol	cyclic, non-ionic	renal	1.0	0.1

Photons per Image	Simulation	Insert Group	Mean RCR	Mean CNR	RCRD	CNRD
$2 x 1 0^{12}$	LCS KES, BW = 0.5%	HCLR	0.2254	0.5442	29.34	0.91
		HCSR	0.1530	0.3616	20.39	0.45
		LCLR	0.0684	0.1630	6.90	0.25
		LCSR	0.0471	0.1163	10.69	0.18
	LCS KES, BW = 2%	HCLR	0.1234	0.5098	16.07	0.86
		HCSR	0.0819	0.3341	10.92	0.41
		LCLR	0.0347	0.1428	3.50	0.22
		LCSR	0.0248	0.1051	5.63	0.17
	LCS KES, BW = 6%	HCLR	0.0481	0.4345	6.26	0.73
		HCSR	0.0299	0.2843	3.99	0.35
		LCLR	0.0092	0.0843	0.93	0.13
		LCSR	0.0087	0.0822	1.97	0.13
	25 kVp Mo-Mo Bremsstrahlung	HCLR	0.0090	0.6957
		HCSR	0.0088	0.9445
		LCLR	0.0116	0.7568
		LCSR	0.0051	0.7364
$2 x 1 0^{14}$	LCS KES, BW = 0.5%	HCLR	0.2245	2.4211	29.24	4.05
		HCSR	0.1531	2.2131	20.41	2.60
		LCLR	0.0690	1.3373	6.95	2.06
		LCSR	0.0467	0.9824	10.61	1.52
	LCS KES, BW = 2%	HCLR	0.1237	1.9532	16.11	3.27
		HCSR	0.0827	1.9072	11.03	2.24
		LCLR	0.0350	0.8940	3.53	1.38
		LCSR	0.0246	0.6667	5.59	1.03
	LCS KES, BW = 6%	HCLR	0.0484	1.0262	6.30	1.72
		HCSR	0.0300	1.0889	4.00	1.28
		LCLR	0.0091	0.2541	0.92	0.39
		LCSR	0.0079	0.2525	1.80	0.39
	25 kVp Mo-Mo Bremsstrahlung	HCLR	0.0090	0.6978
		HCSR	0.0088	0.9955
		LCLR	0.0116	0.7585
		LCSR	0.0051	0.7571

Electron Beam Parameters		Laser Parameters
Micro-bunch charge	25 pC	Laser micro-pulse energy	10 mJ
Pulse structure	1000 micro-bunches/pulse	Laser wavelength	354 nm
Repetition rate	400 Hz	Repetition rate	400 Hz
$e^{-}$ beam energy	30–100 MeV	Laser pulse duration	2 ps
$e^{-}$ beam energy spread	0.03%	Laser beam spot size	$> 5 µ m$
RF	11.424 GHz
$e^{-}$ beam emittance	0.2 mm mrad	X-ray characteristics
$e^{-}$ beam size at the interaction point/spot size (RMS)	5 µm	Total x-ray flux	$> 1 0^{12} p h s^{- 1}$
$e^{-}$ bunch length	2 ps	Tunable energy range	30–3 MeV
Interaction angle	$π$ (head-on)	X-ray spot size (RMS)	5 µm
		Minimum on-axis energy BW ( $Δ$ E/E, FWHM)	$1 0^{- 3}$

GBCA	Type	Excretion	Concentration ( $M$ )	Recommended Dose ( $m m o l k g^{- 1}$ )
Gadopentetate dimeglumine	linear, ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadobenate dimeglumine	linear, ionic	95–96% renal4–5% hepatic	0.5	0.1
Gadodiamide	linear, non-ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadoterate meglumine	cyclic, ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadoteridol	cyclic, non-ionic	renal	0.5	0.1
Gadobutrol	cyclic, non-ionic	renal	1.0	0.1

Abstract

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (9)

Tables (4)

Equations (16)

Applied Optics