Table I
Samples for identity and similarity.
| | Munsell samples |
---|
Sample No. | Designation | R | Y | G | P |
---|
1 | HC, V | R 7/8, 6/8 | Y 8/8, 7/8 | G 6/4, 5/4 | P 5/8, 4/8 |
2 | G, V | N 7, 6 | N 8, 7 | N 7, 6 | N 4, 3 |
3 | VC, H | R 7/8, YR 7/8 | Y 8/8, GY 8/8 | G 6/4, BG 76/4 | P 5/8, RP 5/8 |
4 | HV, C | R 7/4, 7/8 | Y 8/8, 8/12 | G 5/4, 5/8 | P 5/8, 5/12 |
5 | H, VC | R 7/6, 6/4 | Y 8/6, 7/4 | G 6/4, 5/2 | P 5/6, 4/4 |
7 | V, HC | R 7/8, YR 7/4 | Y 8/8, GY 8/4 | G 6/6, BG 6/2 | P 5/8, RP 5/4 |
8 | C, HV | R 6/6, YR 7/6 | Y 7/6, GY 8/6 | G 5/6, BG 6/6 | P 4/6, RP 5/6 |
9 | –HVC | R 7/6, YR 6/4 | Y 8/6, GY 7/4 | G 6/4, BG 5/2 | P 5/6, RP 4/4 |
11 | HVC– | R 6/8, 6/8 | Y 8/8, 8/8 | G 6/4, 6/4 | P 5/8, 5/8 |
Table II
Postulated aesthetic measures for identity and similarity.
Sample No. | Designation | C | M | O=MC |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | −0.025 | −0.1 |
Table III
Calculated aesthetic measures for identity and similarity.
Sample No. | Designation | C | O | M |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 3.0 | 1.00 |
8 | C, HV | 4 | 2.6 | 0.65 |
5 | H, VC | 4 | 2.3 | 0.58 |
2 | G, V | 3 | 1.7 | 0.57 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 1.0 | 0.50 |
9 | –HVC | 5 | 1.9 | 0.38 |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 0.6 | 0.20 |
4 | HV, C | 3 | 0.3 | 0.10 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | −0.1 | −0.025 |
Table IV
Samples illustrating contrast.
| | Munsell samples |
---|
Sample No. | Designation | GY | PB | YB |
---|
1 | HC, V | GY 7/4, 3/4 | PB 7/4, 3/4 | YR 7/4, 3/4 |
2 | G, V | N 7, 3 | N 7, 3 | N 7, 3 |
3 | VC, H | GY 7/4, P 7/4 | PB 7/4, Y 7/4 | YR 7/4, B 7/4 |
4 | HV, C | GY 7/2, 7/10 | PB 5/2, 5/10 | YR 6/2, 6/10 |
5 | H, VC | GY 7/8, 4/2 | PB 7/4, 3/12 | YR 7/8, 4/2 |
7 | V, HC | GY 7/10, P 7/2 | PB 7/2, Y 7/10 | YR 7/10, B 7/2 |
8 | C, HV | GY 3/2, P 7/2 | PB 3/2, Y 7/2 | YR 3/2, B 7/2 |
9 | –HVC | GY 7/8, P 4/2 | PB 4/2, Y 7/8 | YR 7/8, B 4/2 |
11 | HVC– | GY 7/6, 7/6 | PB 7/6, 7/6 | YR 7/4, 7/4 |
Table V
Postulated aesthetic measures for contrast.
Sample No. | Designation | C | M | O=MC |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
Table VI
Calculated aesthetic measures for contrast.
Sample No. | Designation | C | O | M |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 6.0 | 2.00 |
2 | G, V | 3 | 4.7 | 1.57 |
8 | C, HV | 4 | 6.2 | 1.55 |
5 | H, VC | 4 | 5.6 | 1.40 |
9 | –HVC | 5 | 5.8 | 1.16 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 1.0 | 0.50 |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 1.2 | 0.40 |
4 | HV, C | 3 | 0.6 | 0.20 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | 0.8 | 0.20 |
Table VII
Calculated aesthetic measures, three-color harmonies.
Sample No | Designation | Typical colors | C | O | M |
---|
1 | HC, V | Y 8/8, 7/8, 6/8 | 6 | 8.1 | 1.35 |
5 | H, VC | Y 8/8, 7/6, 6/4 | 9 | 5.9 | 0.66 |
9 | –HVC | Y 8/8, GY 6/4, YR 7/6 | 12 | 4.25 | 0.35 |
3 | VC, H | Y 8/8, GY 8/8, YR 8/8 | 6 | 1.35 | 0.23 |
4 | HV, C | Y 8/4, 8/8, 8/12 | 6 | 1.2 | 0.20 |
7 | V, HC | Y 8/8, GY 8/4, YR 8/4 | 8 | −0.05 | −0.01 |
Table VIII
Calculated aesthetic measures, two-color harmony with ambiguity.
1st Ambiguity in | Constant | C | O | M |
---|
H | V, C | 3 | −0.5 | −0.16 |
V | H, C | 3 | +1.3 | +0.43 |
C | H, V | 3 | +0.2 | +0.07 |
HVC | — | 5 | −1.0 | −0.20 |
2nd Ambiguity in |
H | V, C | 3 | +0.15 | +0.05 |
V | H, C | 3 | +2.1 | +0.70 |
C | H, V | 3 | +0.20 | +0.07 |
HVC | — | 5 | +0.45 | +0.09 |
Table IX
Calculated aesthetic measures for area balance and similarity.
| | | Aesthetic measure M |
---|
Sample No. | Designation | C | Without balance | 1 : 1 | 1 : 2 | 1 : 3 |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 1.17 | 1.08 |
8 | C, HV | 4 | 0.65 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.71 |
5 | H, VC | 4 | 0.58 | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.64 |
2 | G, V | 3 | 0.57 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 0.65 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 0.50 | — | — | — |
9 | –HVC | 5 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.43 |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
4 | HV, C | 3 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.18 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | −0.025 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Table X
Calculated aesthetic measures for area balance and contrast.
| | | Aesthetic measure M |
---|
Sample No. | Designation | C | Without balance | 1 : 1 | 1 : 2 | 1 : 3 |
---|
1 | HC, V | 3 | 2.00 | 2.33 | 2.17 | 2.08 |
2 | G, V | 3 | 1.57 | 1.90 | 1.73 | 1.65 |
8 | C, HV | 4 | 1.55 | 1.80 | 1.68 | 1.61 |
5 | H, VC | 4 | 1.40 | 1.65 | 1.53 | 1.46 |
9 | –HVC | 5 | 1.16 | 1.36 | 1.26 | 1.21 |
11 | HVC– | 2 | 0.50 | — | — | — |
3 | VC, H | 3 | 0.40 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 0.48 |
4 | HV, C | 3 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
7 | V, HC | 4 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
Table XI
Aesthetic factors.
| Identity | 1st ambiguity | Similarity | 2nd ambiguity | Contrast | Glare |
---|
Hue | +1.5 | 0 | +1.1 | +0.65 | +1.7 | — |
Value | −1.3 | −1.0 | 0.7 | −0.20 | 3.7 | −2.0 |
Chroma | +0.8 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.4 | — |
Gray | +1.0 | | | | | |
Area balance: Identity of moments, +1.0; moment ratio of
or 2, 0.5; moment ratio of
or 3, 0.25; other ratios, 0.00.
Table XVI
Calculated aesthetic measures.
| | | | | | M |
---|
Class of harmony | Colors | C | O | Without area balance | With area balance |
---|
One variable |
I, | 1A(a) | (1) | N 7, N 8 | 3 | 2.7 | 0.90 | 1.23 |
| | (2) | N 3, N 6 | 3 | 5.7 | 1.90 | 2.23 |
| (b) | (1) | N 6, 7, 8 | 6 | 4.2 | 0.70 | 1.20 |
| | (2) | N 3, 6, 9 | 6 | 14.1 | 2.35 | 2.85 |
| | (3) | N 2, 3, 7 | 6 | 11.1 | 1.85 | 2.35 |
| 1B(a) | (1) | R 6/8, 5/8 | 3 | 3.0 | 1.00 | 1.33 |
| | (2) | P 6/8, 3/8 | 3 | 6.0 | 2.00 | 2.33 |
| (b) | (1) | GY 7/8, 6/8, 5/8 | 6 | 8.1 | 1.35 | 1.85 |
| | (2) | R 8/4, 5/4, 2/4 | 6 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 3.50 |
| | (3) | BG 7/4, 6/4, 3/4 | 6 | 12.2 | 2.03 | 2.53 |
| 2 (a) | (1) | YR 4/4, 4/8 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.10 | 0.43 |
| | (2) | GY 7/2, 7/10 | 3 | 0.6 | 0.20 | 0.53 |
| (b) | (1) | RP 4/4, 4/8, 4/12 | 6 | 1.2 | 0.20 | 0.70 |
| | (2) | N 4, R 4/7, R 4/14 | 6 | −1.2 | −0.20 | +0.30 |
| 3 (a) | (1) | Y 8/8, YR 8/8 | 3 | 0.6 | 0.20 | 0.53 |
| | (2) | 5R 7/8, 10GY 7/8 | 3 | 1.2 | 0.40 | 0.73 |
| (b) | (1) | RP 3/10, P 3/10, PB 3/10 | 6 | 1.35 | 0.23 | 0.73 |
| | (2) | G 7/2, YR 7/2, P 7/2 | 6 | 3.6 | 0.60 | 1.10 |
| | (3) | GY 6/6, G 6/6, P 6/6 | 6 | 3.0 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
Two variables |
II, | 1A(a) | (1) | BG 5/6, 4/4 | 4 | 2.3 | 0.58 | 0.83 |
| | (2) | GY 7/4, 5/10 | 4 | 5.6 | 1.40 | 1.65 |
| (b) | (1) | G 5/2, 6/4, 7/6 | 9 | 5.9 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
| | (2) | R 7/6, R 4/4, R 1/2 | 9 | 16.8 | 1.87 | 2.20 |
| | (3) | GY 5/2, 7/8, 8/10 | 9 | 13.5 | 1.50 | 1.83 |
| 1B(a) | (1) | R 5/6, 4/4, 4/8 | 8 | 6.9 | 0.87 | 1.24 |
| | (2) | PB 7/6, 4/2, 4/10 | 8 | 16.8 | 2.10 | 2.48 |
| | (3) | YR 7/4, 4/2, 4/6 | 8 | 13.5 | 1.69 | 2.06 |
| (b) | (1) | N 5.5, G 6/2, G 5/2 | 8 | 3.9 | 0.49 | 0.86 |
| | (2) | RP 5/2, 2/4, 8/4 | 8 | 16.8 | 2.10 | 2.48 |
| | (3) | N 4.5, BG 5/8, BG 4/8 | 8 | 3.9 | 0.49 | 0.86 |
| (c) | (1) | BG 6/6, 5/4, 5/6 | 7 | 4.9 | 0.70 | 1.13 |
| | (2) | Y 8/4, 8/12, 5/4 | 7 | 12.2 | 1.74 | 2.17 |
| | (3) | B 7/2, 7/6, 3/6 | 7 | 11.9 | 1.70 | 2.12 |
| 1C(a) | | YR 7/6, 7/10, 6/6, 6/10 | 12 | 9.2 | 0.77 | 1.27 |
| (b) | | N 6, B 6/8, N 3, B 3/8 | 12 | 17.9 | 1.49 | 1.99 |
| (c) | | B 7/2, 7/6, 4/2, 4/6 | 12 | 16.2 | 1.35 | 1.85 |
| 1D | | R 6/6, 4/2, 4/10, 2/6 | 16 | 11.8 | 0.74 | 1.11 |
| 2(a) | | RP 7/4, R 7/8 | 4 | −0.1 | −0.02 | +0.22 |
| (b) | | N 7, BG 7/4, G 7/4 | 6 | −1.8 | −0.30 | +0.20 |
| (c) | | G 5/4, BG 5/4, N 5, RP 5/4, R 5/4 | 14 | +1.2 | +0.09 | +0.80 |
| (d) | | YR 6/6, RP 6/6, PB 6/6, BG 6/6, GY 6/6 | 15 | 6.8 | 0.46 | 1.12 |
| (e) | | R 5/6, P 5/4, BG 5/2, Y 5/4 | 15 | −1.3 | −0.09 | +0.31 |
| 3 (a) | (1) | GY 7/6, G 6/6 | 4 | 2.6 | 0.65 | 0.90 |
| | (2) | G 3/2, P 7/2 | 4 | 6.2 | 1.55 | 1.80 |
| | (3) | R 7/8, RP 3/8 | 4 | 5.6 | 1.40 | 1.65 |
| | (4) | YR 7/4, BG 6/4 | 4 | 3.2 | 0.80 | 1.05 |
| (b) | (1) | R 2/4, G 7/4, B 7/4 | 5 | 12.5 | 2.51 | 3.11 |
| | (2) | GY 8/6, R 4/6, PB 4/6, P 2/6 | 9 | 22.1 | 2.48 | 3.14 |
Three variables |
III, | 1(a) | | P 6/8, P 3/8, RP 6/8 | 7 | 12.2 | 1.75 | 2.16 |
| (b) | | R 8/4, R 5/4, R 2/4, BG 5/4 | 12 | 24.2 | 2.02 | 2.52 |
| (c) | | P 6/8, P 3/8, B 6/8, B 3/8 | 12 | 22.6 | 1.89 | 2.48 |
| (d) | | N 4, R 7/6, R 6/4, B 7/6, G 7/6 | 25 | 11.5 | 0.46 | 0.86 |
| 2(a) | | N 6, R 6/4, BG 6/4, BG 5/4 | 12 | 5.8 | 0.48 | 0.98 |
| (b) | | RP 7/4, R 7/8, R 3/8 | 9 | 11.1 | 1.23 | 1.57 |
| (c) | | BG 6/2, R 6/10, BG 2/2, R 2/10 | 16 | 25.2 | 1.57 | 1.95 |
| (d) | | RP 3/2, R 3/10, RP 7/2, RP 6/2 | 15 | 25.6 | 1.70 | 2.10 |
| 3(a) | | GY 8/6, R 4/6, PB 4/6, P 2/6, R 4/10 | 26 | 45.0 | 1.73 | 2.12 |
| (b) | | N 5.5, B 6/4, R 5/4, R 5/12 | 16 | 9.3 | 0.58 | 0.96 |
| (c) | | G 3/2, P 7/2, G 3/6, P 7/6 | 16 | 24.6 | 1.54 | 1.91 |
| (d) | | R 7/8, RP 3/8, R 7/4, N 7 | 14 | 13.1 | 0.94 | 1.36 |
| 4(a) | | N 5, GY 2/2, PB 8/2 | 9 | 14.4 | 1.60 | 1.93 |
| (b) | | P 3/10, PB 4/8, RP 4/8, GY 7/4 | 20 | 21.3 | 1.07 | 1.57 |