The perception and measurement of gloss is just one part of the concept of appearance measurement. We describe the comparison between data derived by 20 observers who each scaled the perceived gloss of a set of 84 neutral and colored test samples and measurements of those samples made using a glossmeter and a sphere-based spectrophotometer. With a glossmeter, the relationship between the visual-scaled data and the measured gloss values could be described by a three-part linear fit or, with a higher correlation, a cubic function. For the sphere-based spectrophotometer, the difference in the luminance factor, , between specular-included and specular-excluded measurements, was found to give a better linear correlation with the observer-scaled data. The color of the samples did not appear to significantly change the perceived gloss of the surface.
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Coefficients of Scaling Factor, a, and Intercept, b, for Each of the 20 Observers
Observer and Coefficient Value
Scaling factor, a
1
2
3
4
5
0.9582
0.9994
0.8671
0.9593
0.9514
6
7
8
9
10
0.8115
1.0254
0.9051
0.8404
0.9839
11
12
13
14
15
0.9554
1.1184
0.9057
0.9023
0.9834
16
17
18
19
20
1.0921
0.8771
0.8308
0.8173
0.8477
Intercept, b
1
2
3
4
5
0.0194
0.0008
0.1628
0.0441
0.0463
6
7
8
9
10
0.4065
0.2328
0.2695
0.0020
11
12
13
14
15
0.0954
0.1488
0.1869
0.0108
16
17
18
19
20
0.1720
0.2855
0.2960
0.2220
Table 3
Values of the Coefficients of Determination, , and Variation, CV, for the Seven Observers Who Repeated the Scaling of the 84 Samplesa
Observer and Coefficient Value
All samples (84)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean
0.9984
0.9974
0.9977
1.000
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
0.9989
CV
4.2
5.4
5.0
0.1
3.3
2.0
1.3
3.1
Neutral samples (18)
0.9989
0.9980
0.9984
1.0000
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
0.9992
CV
5.1
6.4
6.2
0.2
4.1
2.3
1.5
3.7
Data are presented for all 84 samples and for the 18 neutral samples.
Table 4
Values of the Coefficients of Determination, , and Variation, CV, for the 20 Data Sets Compared with the Geometric Mean Data Seta
Observer and Coefficient Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.9999
1.0000
0.9981
0.9958
0.9998
0.9957
0.9999
CV
1.1
0.3
4.6
6.9
1.4
7.0
1.1
Observer
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.9992
0.9971
1.000
0.9999
0.9987
0.9992
0.9991
CV
3.1
5.7
0.3
1.2
3.9
3.1
3.2
Observer
15
16
17
18
19
20
Mean
1.0000
0.9991
0.9984
0.9967
0.996
0.9974
0.9894
CV
0.3
3.1
4.2
6.1
6.7
5.4
3.4
All 84 samples were used.
Table 5
Sample Uniformity for the 84 Samples Expressed in Terms of the Coefficient of Variation
Sample Group
Number of Samples
Coefficient of Variation
Mean
Maximum
Original samples
45
2.8
8.3
Sprayed samples
38
8.4
15.3
Black-pile sample
1
2.0
—
All samples
84
6.0
15.3
Table 6
Sample Stability in Terms of the Correlation Coefficient, r, and the Coefficient of Variation, CVa
20°
60°
85°
Set 1 versus set 2
r
1.00
1.00
1.00
CV
2.3
0.6
0.3
Set 1 versus set 3
r
1.00
1.00
1.00
CV
4.8
3.5
5.1
Measured using the Sheen glossmeter.
Table 7
Statistics of Least-Squares Lines Relating the Measurements Made Using a Glossmeter and a Spectrophotometera
Gloss
n
m
c
18 neutral samples
8
0.9765
0.0690
10
0.9608
0.0392
0.5573
66 colored samples
11
0.5576
0.0803
0.2839
55
0.9039
0.0365
0.5816
All samples
19
0.8527
0.0653
65
0.8639
0.0382
0.4967
All 84 samples and just the 18 neutral samples were considered.
Table 8
Statistics of Least-Squares Lines Relating the Normalized Visual Data to the Measurements Made Using a Glossmeter, Considering All 84 Samples, and Comparison Statistics for the Data of Obein et al.15
Statistics of Least-Squares Lines Relating the Visual Data to the Measurements Made Using a Spectrophotometera
Data
n
m
c
CV%
Measured and scaled data
Neutral samples
18
0.9864
20.8503
9.9003
—
Colored samples
66
0.9459
20.7561
13.4861
—
All samples
84
0.9585
20.9439
12.3455
—
Normalized data
Neutral samples
18
0.9865
0.8965
0.0948
16.3
Colored samples
66
0.9459
0.8938
0.1296
17.8
All samples
84
0.9585
0.9013
0.1186
17.6
All 84 samples were considered.
Tables (9)
Table 1
Subsets of the Set of 84 Test Samples
Sample Group
Number of Colors
Gloss Levels for Each Color
Number of Samples
Neutral
3
6
18
Black pile
1
1
1
Chromatic group I
8
2
16
Chromatic group II
11
1
11
Hand-sprayed cards
19
2
38
Total
—
—
84
Table 2
Coefficients of Scaling Factor, a, and Intercept, b, for Each of the 20 Observers
Observer and Coefficient Value
Scaling factor, a
1
2
3
4
5
0.9582
0.9994
0.8671
0.9593
0.9514
6
7
8
9
10
0.8115
1.0254
0.9051
0.8404
0.9839
11
12
13
14
15
0.9554
1.1184
0.9057
0.9023
0.9834
16
17
18
19
20
1.0921
0.8771
0.8308
0.8173
0.8477
Intercept, b
1
2
3
4
5
0.0194
0.0008
0.1628
0.0441
0.0463
6
7
8
9
10
0.4065
0.2328
0.2695
0.0020
11
12
13
14
15
0.0954
0.1488
0.1869
0.0108
16
17
18
19
20
0.1720
0.2855
0.2960
0.2220
Table 3
Values of the Coefficients of Determination, , and Variation, CV, for the Seven Observers Who Repeated the Scaling of the 84 Samplesa
Observer and Coefficient Value
All samples (84)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean
0.9984
0.9974
0.9977
1.000
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
0.9989
CV
4.2
5.4
5.0
0.1
3.3
2.0
1.3
3.1
Neutral samples (18)
0.9989
0.9980
0.9984
1.0000
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
0.9992
CV
5.1
6.4
6.2
0.2
4.1
2.3
1.5
3.7
Data are presented for all 84 samples and for the 18 neutral samples.
Table 4
Values of the Coefficients of Determination, , and Variation, CV, for the 20 Data Sets Compared with the Geometric Mean Data Seta
Observer and Coefficient Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.9999
1.0000
0.9981
0.9958
0.9998
0.9957
0.9999
CV
1.1
0.3
4.6
6.9
1.4
7.0
1.1
Observer
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.9992
0.9971
1.000
0.9999
0.9987
0.9992
0.9991
CV
3.1
5.7
0.3
1.2
3.9
3.1
3.2
Observer
15
16
17
18
19
20
Mean
1.0000
0.9991
0.9984
0.9967
0.996
0.9974
0.9894
CV
0.3
3.1
4.2
6.1
6.7
5.4
3.4
All 84 samples were used.
Table 5
Sample Uniformity for the 84 Samples Expressed in Terms of the Coefficient of Variation
Sample Group
Number of Samples
Coefficient of Variation
Mean
Maximum
Original samples
45
2.8
8.3
Sprayed samples
38
8.4
15.3
Black-pile sample
1
2.0
—
All samples
84
6.0
15.3
Table 6
Sample Stability in Terms of the Correlation Coefficient, r, and the Coefficient of Variation, CVa
20°
60°
85°
Set 1 versus set 2
r
1.00
1.00
1.00
CV
2.3
0.6
0.3
Set 1 versus set 3
r
1.00
1.00
1.00
CV
4.8
3.5
5.1
Measured using the Sheen glossmeter.
Table 7
Statistics of Least-Squares Lines Relating the Measurements Made Using a Glossmeter and a Spectrophotometera
Gloss
n
m
c
18 neutral samples
8
0.9765
0.0690
10
0.9608
0.0392
0.5573
66 colored samples
11
0.5576
0.0803
0.2839
55
0.9039
0.0365
0.5816
All samples
19
0.8527
0.0653
65
0.8639
0.0382
0.4967
All 84 samples and just the 18 neutral samples were considered.
Table 8
Statistics of Least-Squares Lines Relating the Normalized Visual Data to the Measurements Made Using a Glossmeter, Considering All 84 Samples, and Comparison Statistics for the Data of Obein et al.15