Two psychophysical experiments were conducted at North Carolina State University (NCSU) and Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) to obtain replicated perceived saturation data from color normal observers on the order of one unit of saturation. The same 37 Munsell sample sheets, including up to four references that had similar perceived saturation but different hue, were used in both experiments. Different assessment methods included presenting either four references simultaneously or only one reference at a time to observers and obtaining judged saturation magnitudes for the given Munsell samples. Four saturation models comprising , , CIECAM02, as well as Richter/Lübbe, were tested. CIECAM02 gave the best prediction of saturation for data obtained at NCSU while outperformed other models for the RIT data. For the combined dataset, , the Richter/Lübbe, and CIECAM02-based saturation models exhibited comparable performances. The Standardized Residual Sum of Squares index was used to measure the inter- and intra-observer variability and goodness of fit. Inter- and intra-observer variability of assessments was smaller than or comparable to those reported for the typical color difference evaluation experiments.
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Normalized Tristimulus Values of the Easel, Booth Surface and the PTFE Plate at NCSU
PTFE
95.82
100.00
111.18
EASEL
47.30
49.41
53.58
BOOTH
42.22
44.42
49.35
Table 2.
Mean Intra-observer Variability Results of Three Trials at NCSU and RIT, Based on STRESS
NCSU
RIT
Mtd1
Mtd2(Ref1)
Mtd2(Ref3)
Ref1
Ref2
Ref3
Ref4
Mean
12.05
10.53
10.47
17.93
18.73
18.63
18.60
Max
23.91
20.84
20.00
40.72
46.06
39.35
52.35
Min
3.26
2.94
2.74
6.89
8.15
6.84
7.36
Table 3.
Mean, SE, and SD of Saturation Determined Visually in Experiments Conducted at NCSU and RIT
10R
10YR
10Y
10GY
10G
10BG
10B
10PB
10P
10RP
MEAN
NCSU
SD
Mean
0.32
0.45
0.27
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.43
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.32
Max
0.63
0.74
0.48
0.50
0.47
0.41
0.77
0.31
0.41
0.59
0.53
Min
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.19
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.18
SE
Mean
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Max
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.06
Min
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
RIT
SD
Mean
0.75
0.86
0.70
0.83
1.01
0.99
0.94
1.09
1.04
0.87
0.91
Max
1.25
1.44
0.98
1.12
1.24
1.23
1.38
1.29
1.31
1.34
1.26
Min
0.34
0.36
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.77
0.47
0.86
0.80
0.57
0.58
SE
Mean
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.12
Max
0.16
0.19
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
Min
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.07
0.08
Table 4.
Perceived Saturation Results Based on Various Methods
10R4/8
10YR7/10
10Y7/10
10B3/6
Mtd1
0.96
1.03
1.01
1.00
Mtd2Ref1
1.04
1.04
1.09
1.06
Mtd2Ref3
1.02
1.08
1.04
1.09
Table 5.
Mean Visual Saturation of Reference Samples Based on Different References Determined at RIT
Visual Saturation Based on Each Reference
Sample ID
10R4/8
10YR7/10
10Y7/10
10B3/6
10R4/8
1.08
1.15
1.09
1.11
10YR7/10
1.15
1.14
1.16
1.19
10Y7/10
1.35
1.42
1.28
1.47
10B3/6
1.29
1.46
1.26
1.21
Table 6.
STRESS between Perceived Saturation Against Saturation Based on Various Models (Bold Letter Indicates Models with the Best Agreement)
STRESS
Location/Method
NCSU
Mtd1
14.38
21.60
11.87
11.19
Mtd2Ref1
13.84
21.15
10.67
9.65
Mtd2Ref3
15.61
22.22
11.14
10.00
14.41
21.56
11.15
10.22
RIT
Ref1
14.31
23.93
18.10
18.39
Ref2
16.46
25.44
19.63
19.87
Ref3
15.78
25.58
18.10
18.43
Ref4
15.43
24.97
18.45
18.33
14.99
24.68
18.20
18.41
COMBINED DATA
13.67
22.73
14.51
14.36
Table 7.
Colorimetric Values and the Visual Saturation of Samples and References (bold italic)a
Sample ID
Munsell
SD
SE
SD
SE
1
10R 4/6
14.45
11.31
6.24
0.82
0.15
0.02
0.71
0.34
0.044
2
10R 4/8
15.85
11.28
4.12
0.99
0.14
0.02
1.11
0.56
0.072
3
10R 4/10
17.68
11.78
3.15
1.28
0.36
0.04
1.48
0.87
0.113
4
10R 4/12
18.11
11.32
1.85
1.48
0.63
0.07
1.99
1.27
0.164
5
10YR 7/8
43.39
40.15
13.38
0.78
0.21
0.02
0.71
0.37
0.047
6
10YR 7/10
45.99
41.75
9.27
1.04
0.23
0.03
1.16
0.55
0.071
7
10YR 7/12
45.63
40.43
5.35
1.44
0.61
0.06
1.76
1.11
0.143
8
10YR 7/14
46.29
40.18
2.51
1.58
0.74
0.08
2.27
1.45
0.188
9
10Y 7/6
37.71
40.95
16.31
0.63
0.22
0.02
0.70
0.84
0.108
10
10Y 7/8
38.02
41.16
10.97
0.78
0.20
0.02
0.86
0.41
0.052
11
10Y 7/10
37.48
40.55
6.17
1.04
0.16
0.02
1.38
0.75
0.096
12
10Y 7/12
36.92
39.99
3.07
1.32
0.48
0.05
1.74
0.92
0.119
13
10GY 5/6
14.75
20.06
10.94
0.82
0.19
0.02
1.04
0.67
0.086
14
10GY 5/8
12.86
19.45
7.48
0.98
0.26
0.03
1.19
0.72
0.093
15
10GY 5/10
11.85
19.63
5.39
1.29
0.50
0.05
1.62
1.15
0.149
16
10G 4/6
7.83
12.36
11.63
0.98
0.18
0.02
1.13
0.75
0.097
17
10G 4/8
7.09
12.88
11.45
1.1
0.28
0.03
1.43
1.15
0.149
18
10G 4/10
6.09
13.12
11.25
1.26
0.47
0.05
1.86
1.24
0.160
19
10BG 3/4
4.91
6.88
9.99
1.01
0.21
0.02
1.08
0.84
0.108
20
10BG 3/6
4.32
7.02
11.26
1.2
0.34
0.04
1.42
1.03
0.133
21
10BG 3/8
4.00
7.71
13.40
1.25
0.41
0.04
1.82
1.26
0.162
22
10B 3/4
5.94
7.17
13.28
0.91
0.21
0.02
0.92
0.49
0.063
23
10B 3/6
5.83
7.43
16.87
1.04
0.20
0.02
1.3
0.93
0.121
24
10B 3/8
5.47
7.68
19.89
1.31
0.55
0.06
1.73
1.06
0.137
25
10B 3/10
5.53
8.40
24.65
1.55
0.77
0.08
2.17
1.39
0.180
26
10PB 3/4
7.06
6.77
12.97
0.9
0.23
0.02
1.19
0.92
0.119
27
10PB 3/6
7.63
6.94
16.07
0.99
0.20
0.02
1.29
1.22
0.158
28
10PB 3/8
8.68
7.49
20.49
1.12
0.29
0.03
1.38
1.08
0.139
29
10PB 3/10
9.00
7.39
23.92
1.16
0.31
0.03
1.6
1.30
0.167
30
10P 3/4
7.66
6.52
10.00
0.94
0.22
0.02
1.15
0.89
0.115
31
10P 3/6
8.68
6.74
12.13
1.06
0.18
0.02
1.47
1.09
0.140
32
10P 3/8
9.38
6.67
13.62
1.15
0.29
0.03
1.63
1.09
0.141
33
10P 3/10
10.16
6.56
15.01
1.26
0.41
0.04
1.94
1.35
0.174
34
10RP 3/4
8.40
6.73
6.78
0.92
0.21
0.02
0.96
0.63
0.081
35
10RP 3/6
8.78
6.35
6.16
1.05
0.20
0.02
1.20
0.85
0.110
36
10RP 3/8
9.49
6.75
6.44
1.02
0.20
0.02
1.11
0.73
0.094
37
10RP 3/10
11.03
6.29
6.00
1.45
0.59
0.06
2.03
1.39
0.179
Illuminant D65, CIE 1964 standard observer, and are the grand mean visual saturation from the NCSU and RIT experiments, SD, and SE represent the mean SD and SE.
Tables (7)
Table 1.
Normalized Tristimulus Values of the Easel, Booth Surface and the PTFE Plate at NCSU
PTFE
95.82
100.00
111.18
EASEL
47.30
49.41
53.58
BOOTH
42.22
44.42
49.35
Table 2.
Mean Intra-observer Variability Results of Three Trials at NCSU and RIT, Based on STRESS
NCSU
RIT
Mtd1
Mtd2(Ref1)
Mtd2(Ref3)
Ref1
Ref2
Ref3
Ref4
Mean
12.05
10.53
10.47
17.93
18.73
18.63
18.60
Max
23.91
20.84
20.00
40.72
46.06
39.35
52.35
Min
3.26
2.94
2.74
6.89
8.15
6.84
7.36
Table 3.
Mean, SE, and SD of Saturation Determined Visually in Experiments Conducted at NCSU and RIT
10R
10YR
10Y
10GY
10G
10BG
10B
10PB
10P
10RP
MEAN
NCSU
SD
Mean
0.32
0.45
0.27
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.43
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.32
Max
0.63
0.74
0.48
0.50
0.47
0.41
0.77
0.31
0.41
0.59
0.53
Min
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.19
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.18
SE
Mean
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Max
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.06
Min
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
RIT
SD
Mean
0.75
0.86
0.70
0.83
1.01
0.99
0.94
1.09
1.04
0.87
0.91
Max
1.25
1.44
0.98
1.12
1.24
1.23
1.38
1.29
1.31
1.34
1.26
Min
0.34
0.36
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.77
0.47
0.86
0.80
0.57
0.58
SE
Mean
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.12
Max
0.16
0.19
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
Min
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.07
0.08
Table 4.
Perceived Saturation Results Based on Various Methods
10R4/8
10YR7/10
10Y7/10
10B3/6
Mtd1
0.96
1.03
1.01
1.00
Mtd2Ref1
1.04
1.04
1.09
1.06
Mtd2Ref3
1.02
1.08
1.04
1.09
Table 5.
Mean Visual Saturation of Reference Samples Based on Different References Determined at RIT
Visual Saturation Based on Each Reference
Sample ID
10R4/8
10YR7/10
10Y7/10
10B3/6
10R4/8
1.08
1.15
1.09
1.11
10YR7/10
1.15
1.14
1.16
1.19
10Y7/10
1.35
1.42
1.28
1.47
10B3/6
1.29
1.46
1.26
1.21
Table 6.
STRESS between Perceived Saturation Against Saturation Based on Various Models (Bold Letter Indicates Models with the Best Agreement)
STRESS
Location/Method
NCSU
Mtd1
14.38
21.60
11.87
11.19
Mtd2Ref1
13.84
21.15
10.67
9.65
Mtd2Ref3
15.61
22.22
11.14
10.00
14.41
21.56
11.15
10.22
RIT
Ref1
14.31
23.93
18.10
18.39
Ref2
16.46
25.44
19.63
19.87
Ref3
15.78
25.58
18.10
18.43
Ref4
15.43
24.97
18.45
18.33
14.99
24.68
18.20
18.41
COMBINED DATA
13.67
22.73
14.51
14.36
Table 7.
Colorimetric Values and the Visual Saturation of Samples and References (bold italic)a
Sample ID
Munsell
SD
SE
SD
SE
1
10R 4/6
14.45
11.31
6.24
0.82
0.15
0.02
0.71
0.34
0.044
2
10R 4/8
15.85
11.28
4.12
0.99
0.14
0.02
1.11
0.56
0.072
3
10R 4/10
17.68
11.78
3.15
1.28
0.36
0.04
1.48
0.87
0.113
4
10R 4/12
18.11
11.32
1.85
1.48
0.63
0.07
1.99
1.27
0.164
5
10YR 7/8
43.39
40.15
13.38
0.78
0.21
0.02
0.71
0.37
0.047
6
10YR 7/10
45.99
41.75
9.27
1.04
0.23
0.03
1.16
0.55
0.071
7
10YR 7/12
45.63
40.43
5.35
1.44
0.61
0.06
1.76
1.11
0.143
8
10YR 7/14
46.29
40.18
2.51
1.58
0.74
0.08
2.27
1.45
0.188
9
10Y 7/6
37.71
40.95
16.31
0.63
0.22
0.02
0.70
0.84
0.108
10
10Y 7/8
38.02
41.16
10.97
0.78
0.20
0.02
0.86
0.41
0.052
11
10Y 7/10
37.48
40.55
6.17
1.04
0.16
0.02
1.38
0.75
0.096
12
10Y 7/12
36.92
39.99
3.07
1.32
0.48
0.05
1.74
0.92
0.119
13
10GY 5/6
14.75
20.06
10.94
0.82
0.19
0.02
1.04
0.67
0.086
14
10GY 5/8
12.86
19.45
7.48
0.98
0.26
0.03
1.19
0.72
0.093
15
10GY 5/10
11.85
19.63
5.39
1.29
0.50
0.05
1.62
1.15
0.149
16
10G 4/6
7.83
12.36
11.63
0.98
0.18
0.02
1.13
0.75
0.097
17
10G 4/8
7.09
12.88
11.45
1.1
0.28
0.03
1.43
1.15
0.149
18
10G 4/10
6.09
13.12
11.25
1.26
0.47
0.05
1.86
1.24
0.160
19
10BG 3/4
4.91
6.88
9.99
1.01
0.21
0.02
1.08
0.84
0.108
20
10BG 3/6
4.32
7.02
11.26
1.2
0.34
0.04
1.42
1.03
0.133
21
10BG 3/8
4.00
7.71
13.40
1.25
0.41
0.04
1.82
1.26
0.162
22
10B 3/4
5.94
7.17
13.28
0.91
0.21
0.02
0.92
0.49
0.063
23
10B 3/6
5.83
7.43
16.87
1.04
0.20
0.02
1.3
0.93
0.121
24
10B 3/8
5.47
7.68
19.89
1.31
0.55
0.06
1.73
1.06
0.137
25
10B 3/10
5.53
8.40
24.65
1.55
0.77
0.08
2.17
1.39
0.180
26
10PB 3/4
7.06
6.77
12.97
0.9
0.23
0.02
1.19
0.92
0.119
27
10PB 3/6
7.63
6.94
16.07
0.99
0.20
0.02
1.29
1.22
0.158
28
10PB 3/8
8.68
7.49
20.49
1.12
0.29
0.03
1.38
1.08
0.139
29
10PB 3/10
9.00
7.39
23.92
1.16
0.31
0.03
1.6
1.30
0.167
30
10P 3/4
7.66
6.52
10.00
0.94
0.22
0.02
1.15
0.89
0.115
31
10P 3/6
8.68
6.74
12.13
1.06
0.18
0.02
1.47
1.09
0.140
32
10P 3/8
9.38
6.67
13.62
1.15
0.29
0.03
1.63
1.09
0.141
33
10P 3/10
10.16
6.56
15.01
1.26
0.41
0.04
1.94
1.35
0.174
34
10RP 3/4
8.40
6.73
6.78
0.92
0.21
0.02
0.96
0.63
0.081
35
10RP 3/6
8.78
6.35
6.16
1.05
0.20
0.02
1.20
0.85
0.110
36
10RP 3/8
9.49
6.75
6.44
1.02
0.20
0.02
1.11
0.73
0.094
37
10RP 3/10
11.03
6.29
6.00
1.45
0.59
0.06
2.03
1.39
0.179
Illuminant D65, CIE 1964 standard observer, and are the grand mean visual saturation from the NCSU and RIT experiments, SD, and SE represent the mean SD and SE.