High-sensitivity dual U-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor for the detection of gas and liquid analytes

Xingdi Luo; Wei Liu; Jingwei Lv; Lin Yang; Jianxin Wang; Paul K. Chu; Paul K. Chu; Paul K. Chu; Chao Liu

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.514808

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 41,
Issue 4,
pp. 595-605
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.514808

High-sensitivity dual U-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor for the detection of gas and liquid analytes

Xingdi Luo, Wei Liu, Jingwei Lv, Lin Yang, Jianxin Wang, Paul K. Chu, and Chao Liu

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Xingdi Luo, Wei Liu, Jingwei Lv, Lin Yang, Jianxin Wang, Paul K. Chu, and Chao Liu, "High-sensitivity dual U-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor for the detection of gas and liquid analytes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 41, 595-605 (2024)

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Abstract

A dual U-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biochemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the simultaneous detection of gas and liquid analytes, and the properties are analyzed by the full vector finite element method (FEM). SPR is excited by placing gold nanowires on the inner surface of the U-shaped device. In this technique, the traditional metal deposition process can be replaced, subsequently reducing the difficulty and complexity of actual production and improving the phase matching between the basic mode and plasmonic modes. To improve the detection properties, the structural parameters of the sensor including the air hole diameter, spacing, gold nanowire diameter, and polishing depth are optimized, and to better evaluate and analyze the sensing properties, the wavelength and amplitude modulation inquiry method is adopted. The results show that the maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS), amplitude sensitivity (AS), minimum resolution (R), and optimal FOM are 35,000 nm/RIU, ${438.08}\;{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$, ${2.86} \times {{10}^{- 6}}\;{\rm RIU}$, and ${165.16}\;{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$, respectively. In addition, the sensor can detect analyte RIs between 1.00 and 1.36 for gas and liquid analytes simultaneously. Owing to the simple structure, low cost, and ambient-condition monitoring, the sensor has large potential in a myriad of applications including sewage treatment, food safety, humoral regulation, environmental and biological monitoring, and medical diagnosis.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Reference	Metal	WS (nm/RIU)	$R$ (RIU)	Range of $n_{a}$	Detection State

[57]	Au	5500	$7.69 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.23–1.29	Gas


[58]	Au	5000	$2.00 \times 10^{- 5}$	1.33–1.39	Liquid


[46]	Au	7000	$1.43 \times 10^{- 5}$	1.33–1.40	Liquid


[62]	Au	18,000	$5.56 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.18–1.30	Gas


[63]	Au	10,000	$4.25 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.35–1.40	Liquid


Ours	Au	35,000	$2.86 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.00–1.36	Gas and liquid

RIs	WS (nm/RIU)	AS ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	R (RIU)	SL (cm)	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DL (nm)	DA ( ${n m}^{- 1}$ )	SNR (dB)	CL (dB/cm)
1.00	5000	117.79	$2.00 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.0098	10.51	556.71	0.0021	0.105	102.46
1.10	7500	125.99	$1.33 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.0074	16.39	479.43	0.0022	0.164	135.14
1.20	11,000	160.47	$9.09 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0062	29.91	331.48	0.0027	0.299	160.49
1.30	21,500	422.10	$4.65 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0050	165.16	76.55	0.0077	1.652	199.85
1.31	23,500	364.97	$4.25 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0077	122.00	122.19	0.0052	1.220	129.18
1.32	28,000	357.00	$3.57 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0139	92.58	205.56	0.0033	0.926	71.75
1.33	34,500	354.17	$2.89 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0245	85.21	280.93	0.0025	0.852	40.82
1.34	35,000	119.13	$2.86 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0483	56.87	472.47	0.0016	0.569	20.69
1.35	10,500	67.73	$9.52 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.1504	9.79	1277.54	0.0009	0.098	6.65
1.36	/	/	/	0.6052	/	/	0.0005	/	1.65

Reference	Metal	WS (nm/RIU)	$R$ (RIU)	Range of $n_{a}$	Detection State

[57]	Au	5500	$7.69 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.23–1.29	Gas


[58]	Au	5000	$2.00 \times 10^{- 5}$	1.33–1.39	Liquid


[46]	Au	7000	$1.43 \times 10^{- 5}$	1.33–1.40	Liquid


[62]	Au	18,000	$5.56 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.18–1.30	Gas


[63]	Au	10,000	$4.25 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.35–1.40	Liquid


Ours	Au	35,000	$2.86 \times 10^{- 6}$	1.00–1.36	Gas and liquid

RIs	WS (nm/RIU)	AS ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	R (RIU)	SL (cm)	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	DL (nm)	DA ( ${n m}^{- 1}$ )	SNR (dB)	CL (dB/cm)
1.00	5000	117.79	$2.00 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.0098	10.51	556.71	0.0021	0.105	102.46
1.10	7500	125.99	$1.33 \times 10^{- 5}$	0.0074	16.39	479.43	0.0022	0.164	135.14
1.20	11,000	160.47	$9.09 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0062	29.91	331.48	0.0027	0.299	160.49
1.30	21,500	422.10	$4.65 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0050	165.16	76.55	0.0077	1.652	199.85
1.31	23,500	364.97	$4.25 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0077	122.00	122.19	0.0052	1.220	129.18
1.32	28,000	357.00	$3.57 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0139	92.58	205.56	0.0033	0.926	71.75
1.33	34,500	354.17	$2.89 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0245	85.21	280.93	0.0025	0.852	40.82
1.34	35,000	119.13	$2.86 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.0483	56.87	472.47	0.0016	0.569	20.69
1.35	10,500	67.73	$9.52 \times 10^{- 6}$	0.1504	9.79	1277.54	0.0009	0.098	6.65
1.36	/	/	/	0.6052	/	/	0.0005	/	1.65

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America A