Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors

Dirk Grosenick; K. Thomas Moesta; Heidrun Wabnitz; Jörg Mucke; Christian Stroszczynski; Rainer Macdonald; Peter M. Schlag; Herbert Rinneberg

doi:10.1364/AO.42.003170

Applied Optics
Vol. 42,
Issue 16,
pp. 3170-3186
(2003)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.42.003170

Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors

Dirk Grosenick, K. Thomas Moesta, Heidrun Wabnitz, Jörg Mucke, Christian Stroszczynski, Rainer Macdonald, Peter M. Schlag, and Herbert Rinneberg

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Dirk Grosenick, K. Thomas Moesta, Heidrun Wabnitz, Jörg Mucke, Christian Stroszczynski, Rainer Macdonald, Peter M. Schlag, and Herbert Rinneberg, "Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors," Appl. Opt. 42, 3170-3186 (2003)

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Abstract

Mammograms of 35 patients suspected of breast cancer were taken along craniocaudal and mediolateral projections with a dual-wavelength scanning laser pulse mammograph measuring time-resolved transmittance. Among 26 tumors known from routine clinical diagnostics, 17 tumors were detected retrospectively in optical mammograms. Effective tumor optical properties derived from a homogeneous model were used to deduce physiological information. All tumors exhibited increased total hemoglobin concentration and decreased or unchanged blood oxygen saturation compared with surrounding healthy tissue. Scatter plots based on a pixelwise analysis of individual mammograms were introduced and applied to represent correlations between characteristic quantities derived from measured distributions of times of flight of photons.

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Case	Age	Tumor Typea	Tumor Size	Proj.b	N ₈				N ₁				Other Lesions or Tissues with High Contrast in Optical Mammograms
					λ₁		λ₂		λ₁		λ₂
					C c	V d	C	V	C	V	C	V
1	43	IDC	2.5 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.53	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.51	++	Blood vessels
3	84	IDC	1.7 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.49	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.53	++
				ml	n.a.	n.a.	-0.59	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.56	++
5	50	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.84	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.83	+++
				ml	n.a.	n.a.	-0.70	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.74	++
9	57	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	-0.64	++	-0.38	+	-0.77	+++	-0.54	++	Nipple, blood vessel
				ml	-0.87	++	-0.76	+	-0.86	++	-0.80	+
11	72	IDC	1.8 cm	cc	-0.68	++	-0.58	+	-0.60	++	-0.35	+
				ml	-0.43	++	-0.38	++	-0.59	++	-0.38	+	Blood vessel
12	52	IDC	1.5 cm	cc	-0.32	+	-0.06	-	-0.25	(+)	-0.02	-	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.66	++	-0.54	+	-0.57	(+)	-0.46	(+)	Mammary gland
16	71	IDC	1.5 cm	cc	-0.66	++	-0.52	+	-0.37	++	-0.29	+	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.68	++	-0.43	+	-0.79	++	-0.59	+	Nipple
17	52	ITLC	0.9 cm	cc	-0.91	++	-0.71	+	-0.83	++	-0.57	+
				ml	-0.80	++	-0.64	+	-0.46	(+)	-0.29	(+)	Mammary gland
22	57	IDC	2.2 cm	cc	-0.30	-	-0.25	-	-0.49	++	-0.37	+	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.40	-	-0.31	-	-0.54	++	-0.44	+
24	63	IDC	2.3 cm	cc	-0.47	++	-0.40	+	-0.58	+++	-0.50	++	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.43	++	-0.34	+	-0.60	++	-0.57	+	Mammary gland
25	90	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	-0.71	+	-0.80	++	-0.63	+	-0.75	++	Blood vessels
				ml	-0.81	++	-0.83	++	-0.72	++	-0.78	++	Blood vessels
27	65	IDC	1.1 cm	cc	-0.66	++	-0.38	+	-0.67	++	-0.47	+	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.24	++	-0.16	(+)	-0.50	++	-0.41	+	Mammary gland
29	67	ILC	2.8 cm	cc	-0.73	++	-0.55	+	-0.77	++	-0.60	+	Mastopathy, mammary gland, blood vessel
				ml	-0.29	(+)	-0.23	(+)	-0.63	++	-0.47	+	Mastopathy, mammary gland
30	48	ILC	1.9 cm	cc	-0.47	++	-0.37	+	-0.35	++	-0.27	+	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.12	(+)	-0.14	(+)	-0.06	++	-0.13	+	Mammary gland

Case	Age	Founda	Tumor Type	Tumor Size (cm)	Possible Reason for Missing Tumor in Other Projection
8		ml	Invasive tubulary carcinoma	1.4	Outside of scan area
21	56	cc	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.5	Masked by glandular tissue
23	47	cc	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.6	Masked by glandular tissue

Case	Age	Tumor Type	Tumor Size (cm)	Possible Reason for Missing Tumor
4	43	Medullary carcinoma	1.7	Masked by glandular tissue
7	63	Invasive ductal carcinoma	2.5	Too close to axilla
10	58	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.6	Too close to chest wall
13	48	Invasive ductal carcinoma	0.8	Masked by glandular tissue
18	60	Lymphoma		Masked by glandular tissue
19	58	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.1	Too close to chest wall
26	49	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.0	Unclear
28	65	Invasive ductal carcinoma	1.6	Unclear
33	60	Ductal carcinoma in situ	3	No neovascularization

Quantity	Mean Value and Standard Deviation	Method of Analysis
μ_a,0 (670 nm) (cm^-1)	0.041 ± 0.013
μ_a,0 (785 nm) (cm^-1)	0.039 ± 0.009
μ_s,0′ (670 nm) (cm^-1)	11.7 ± 2.3
μ_s,0′ (785 nm) (cm^-1)	10.2 ± 1.6
c_tHb (μmol/l)	17 ± 8	Eq. (2), κ_H₂ _O = 30%
Y (%)	71 ± 8	Eq. (2), κ_H₂ _O = 30%
b	0.91 ± 0.07	Eq. (4), Fig. 8(a)
Y (%)	74 ± 3	Eq. (5), Fig. 8(b)
κ_H₂ _O (%)	25 ± 11	Eq. (5), Fig. 8(b)

Case	Age	Tumor Typea	Tumor Size	Proj.b	N ₈				N ₁				Other Lesions or Tissues with High Contrast in Optical Mammograms
					λ₁		λ₂		λ₁		λ₂
					C c	V d	C	V	C	V	C	V
1	43	IDC	2.5 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.53	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.51	++	Blood vessels
3	84	IDC	1.7 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.49	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.53	++
				ml	n.a.	n.a.	-0.59	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.56	++
5	50	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	n.a.	n.a.	-0.84	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.83	+++
				ml	n.a.	n.a.	-0.70	++	n.a.	n.a.	-0.74	++
9	57	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	-0.64	++	-0.38	+	-0.77	+++	-0.54	++	Nipple, blood vessel
				ml	-0.87	++	-0.76	+	-0.86	++	-0.80	+
11	72	IDC	1.8 cm	cc	-0.68	++	-0.58	+	-0.60	++	-0.35	+
				ml	-0.43	++	-0.38	++	-0.59	++	-0.38	+	Blood vessel
12	52	IDC	1.5 cm	cc	-0.32	+	-0.06	-	-0.25	(+)	-0.02	-	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.66	++	-0.54	+	-0.57	(+)	-0.46	(+)	Mammary gland
16	71	IDC	1.5 cm	cc	-0.66	++	-0.52	+	-0.37	++	-0.29	+	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.68	++	-0.43	+	-0.79	++	-0.59	+	Nipple
17	52	ITLC	0.9 cm	cc	-0.91	++	-0.71	+	-0.83	++	-0.57	+
				ml	-0.80	++	-0.64	+	-0.46	(+)	-0.29	(+)	Mammary gland
22	57	IDC	2.2 cm	cc	-0.30	-	-0.25	-	-0.49	++	-0.37	+	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.40	-	-0.31	-	-0.54	++	-0.44	+
24	63	IDC	2.3 cm	cc	-0.47	++	-0.40	+	-0.58	+++	-0.50	++	Blood vessel
				ml	-0.43	++	-0.34	+	-0.60	++	-0.57	+	Mammary gland
25	90	IDC	3.5 cm	cc	-0.71	+	-0.80	++	-0.63	+	-0.75	++	Blood vessels
				ml	-0.81	++	-0.83	++	-0.72	++	-0.78	++	Blood vessels
27	65	IDC	1.1 cm	cc	-0.66	++	-0.38	+	-0.67	++	-0.47	+	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.24	++	-0.16	(+)	-0.50	++	-0.41	+	Mammary gland
29	67	ILC	2.8 cm	cc	-0.73	++	-0.55	+	-0.77	++	-0.60	+	Mastopathy, mammary gland, blood vessel
				ml	-0.29	(+)	-0.23	(+)	-0.63	++	-0.47	+	Mastopathy, mammary gland
30	48	ILC	1.9 cm	cc	-0.47	++	-0.37	+	-0.35	++	-0.27	+	Mammary gland
				ml	-0.12	(+)	-0.14	(+)	-0.06	++	-0.13	+	Mammary gland

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