Graphene-enhanced decagonal patch antenna for terahertz frequency operation in breast cancer detection

Gandreddi Lakshmi Prasanna Ashok; Ganimidi Veerendra Nath; Bala Chakravarthy Neelapu

doi:10.1364/AO.518504

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 13,
pp. 3609-3618
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.518504

Graphene-enhanced decagonal patch antenna for terahertz frequency operation in breast cancer detection

Gandreddi Lakshmi Prasanna Ashok, Ganimidi Veerendra Nath, and Bala Chakravarthy Neelapu

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Gandreddi Lakshmi Prasanna Ashok, Ganimidi Veerendra Nath, and Bala Chakravarthy Neelapu, "Graphene-enhanced decagonal patch antenna for terahertz frequency operation in breast cancer detection," Appl. Opt. 63, 3609-3618 (2024)

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Table of Contents Category
- Terahertz and X-ray Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 9, 2024
- Revised Manuscript: March 21, 2024
- Manuscript Accepted: April 11, 2024
- Published: April 25, 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a decagonal patch antenna loaded with graphene designed for terahertz (THz) frequency applications, with a specific emphasis on its potential for early breast cancer detection. The proposed antenna features a hybrid structure, integrating both copper and graphene materials. A decagonal graphene strip is intricately incorporated into the copper patch, yielding significant improvements in reflection coefficient, bandwidth, and gain. The antenna, with dimensions of ${155}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}\;{\times}\;{130}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}\;{\times}\;{13}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$, is designed on a polyimide substrate, characterized by a dielectric constant of 3.5 and a loss tangent of 0.0027. To ensure relevance in medical contexts, the design is optimized to operate within the frequency range of 2.1 to 5.7 THz, a critical spectrum for medical applications. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed antenna, demonstrating ${{\rm S}_{11}} \lt - 10\;{\rm dB} $ within the frequency band of 2.1 to 5.7 THz (92.3% fractional bandwidth). The antenna exhibits an impressive bandwidth of 3.6 THz and a gain of 7.87 dBi at 4 THz. These findings establish the graphene-loaded decagonal patch antenna as a highly promising solution for breast cancer detection applications, showcasing its potential in the realm of medical diagnostics.

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Parameter	Value [ $µ m$ ]	Parameter	Value [ $µ m$ ]
$W_{s}$	130	$W_{f}$	29
$L_{s}$	155	$L_{f}$	45.3
$T_{s}$	13	$T_{p}$	0.5
$R$	47.5	$T_{g}$	0.5
$r$	29	$t$	3

Component	Value	Component	Value
$R_{1}$	$3.5 Ω$	$C_{1}$	2.46 pF
$L_{1}$	$20.2 p H$	$R_{4}$	$58 Ω$
$L_{1}$	390 pH	$L_{4}$	0.2 nH
$R_{2}$	$90.62 Ω$	$C_{4}$	0.92 pF
$L_{2}$	1.74 nH	$R_{5}$	$37.62 Ω$
$C_{2}$	1.84 pF	$L_{5}$	0.46 nH
$R_{3}$	$25.7 Ω$	$C_{5}$	0.71 pF
$L_{3}$	0.39 nH	-	-

Outer Radius [ $µ m$ ]	Resonant Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$R = 47.0$	3.96	-34.58	2.7	1.03	7.77
$R = 47.5$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$R = 48.0$	4.02	-30.12	2.6	1.06	7.8

Inner Radius [ $µ m$ ]	Reso. Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$r = 28$	4	-32.65	1.74	1.05	7.7
$r = 29$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$r = 30$	4	-32.7	1.26	1.05	7.8

Thickness [ $µ m$ ]	Reso. Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$t = 2.5$	3.99	-31.36	1.2	1.06	7.84
$t = 3.0$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$t = 3.5$	4	-32.31	1.2	1.05	7.85

Feed Length [ $µ m$ ]	Reso. Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$L_{f} = 43.3$	3.86	-35.77	1.85	1.04	7.54
$L_{f} = 45.3$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$L_{f} = 47.3$	4.1	-23.6	2.4	1.13	7.73

Chemical Potential (eV)	Reso. Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$μ_{s} = 0.3$	4.12	-36.38	1.77	1.03	7.8
$μ_{s} = 0.4$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$μ_{s} = 0.5$	4.3	-29.26	1.72	1.07	7.71

Graphene Relaxation Time [ps]	Reso. Freq. [THz]	Return Loss [dB]	Bandwidth [THz] $< - 10 d B$	VSWR	Gain [dBi]
$τ = 0.5$	3.78	-27.12	1.92	1.09	7.6
$τ = 1.0$	4	-35.93	3.6	1.03	7.87
$τ = 1.5$	3.76	-25.10	1.88	1.1	7.5

	Permittivity ( $ε_{r}$ )	Dimensions
Fat	2.41	$140 µ m \times 100 µ m \times 15 µ m$
Glandular tissue	2.80	$140 µ m \times 100 µ m \times 20 µ m$
Tumor	3.18	$140 µ m \times 100 µ m \times 15 µ m$

Abstract

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Applied Optics