Verification of Performance of the Mariner 9 Television Cameras

T. E. Thorpe

doi:10.1364/AO.12.001775

Applied Optics
Vol. 12,
Issue 8,
pp. 1775-1784
(1973)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.001775

Verification of Performance of the Mariner 9 Television Cameras

T. E. Thorpe

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T. E. Thorpe, "Verification of Performance of the Mariner 9 Television Cameras," Appl. Opt. 12, 1775-1784 (1973)

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Abstract

The large volume of picture data produced by the Mariner 9 Television Experiment, in addition to providing a description of the planet Mars, emphasizes the need for in situ verification of camera performance. Such data provide the basis for initial quantitative image interpretation by confirmation of the relevance of preflight measurement. This information must be the result of planned calibration sequences rather than extraction from nominal mission photography. A lack of sufficient numbers of frames restricted Mariner camera verifications to only limited operational modes under optimal conditions and required significant extrapolation over the duration of the mission. The evidence does suggest that measurable photometric changes occurred, whereas agreement with preflight data is observed for other parameters.

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Parameters	Wide-angle camera				Narrow-angle camera
Focal length, mm	52.267				500.636
f/number	4.0				2.35
T/number	4.46				3.55
Field of view, deg	13.47 × 10.45				1.41 × 1.09
Target size, mm	9.6 × 12.5				9.6 × 12.5
Number of scan lines	700				700
Number of samples/line	832				832
Readout time, sec	42				42
Shutter speeds, sec	0.003–6.144				0.003–6.144
Filters (effective wavelength)^a
Filter position (Fp)	2	4	6	8
Medium bandpass	0.610	0.545	0.477	0.414	—
Filter position (Fp)	1	3	5	7
Broad bandpass	0.560	0.565	0.565	0.565	0.588
Wide-angle camera polarization filter angle with vertical (line) axis	Fp 3 = 0°	Fp 5 = 60°		Fp 7 = 120°

Total pictures taken (through Revolution 262)									10,364
Filter position	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Pictures received from wide-angle camera	11	1158	24	109	1588	95	18	359	3486
Pictures received from narrow-angle camera									3362
Total pictures received									6848
Shutter operations (included false shutters)									13,186
Filter-wheel operations									1400
Television subsystem on time, h									3533
Beam on time, h									651

Calibration	Prelight planning use	Mission operations use	Postflight decalibration use
Light transfer	Exposure	Exposure radiance
Shading	Exposure	Mosaic	Radiance over field of view
Spectral response	Sequence planning	Filter-wheel analysis	Spectral photometry
Stray light	Satellite photography planning	Preorbital science satellite pictures	Radiance
Residual image	—	Picture sequencing, false shutter recording	Radiance
Reseau pattern	Geodesy, cartography	Pointing accuracy	Geometric distortion
Focal plane scale	Cartography	POGASIS^a footprints	—
Modulation transfer function	Resolution	Light-level dependency for narrow-angle camera	Enhancement
Point spread function	Star photography	Detection threshold	—
Shutter response	—	—	Radiance
Alignment	POGASIS^a	Non-TV instrument offsets	—
Noise power spectra	Nine-bit encoding	Coherent noise identification	—
Aging	Star calibration turn-ons	Weekly extended mission turn-ons	—

Sequence	Date	Description	Number of pictures
AFETR playback	9/29/71	Telemetry test	30
Scan calibration I	10/1/71	Narrow-angle camera calibration	31
		Pointing accuracy
		Point source imagery
		Noise analysis, geometry
		Residual image
Scan calibration II	10/8/71	Narrow-angle camera calibration	32
		Pointing accuracy
		Point source imagery
		Residual image
Saturn calibration	11/4/71	Light transfer, residual image shading	31
Mars calibration I	11/9/71	Narrow-angle camera: shading light transfer	33
Mars calibration II	11/10/71	Wide-angle camera: shading light transfer, filter positions 2, 8	30
Revolution 6	11/16/72	Wide-angle camera: filter position 2, light transfer	8
Revolution 7	11/17/71	Wide-angle camera: filter position 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 shutter speeds	21
		Narrow-angle camera: point source	10
Revolution 72	12/20/71	Narrow-angle camera: point source	18
Revolution 76	12/22/71	Wide-angle camera: filter position 2, light transfer	8
Revolution 225	3/5/72	Narrow-angle camera: light transfer	14
		Wide-angle camera: light transfer	3

Displacement	Wide-angle camera	Narrow-angle camera
Vertical (lines)	+2.44 ± 0.01	−0.26 ± 0.01
Horizontal (pixels)	−3.61 ± 0.1	+2178 ± 0.01
Clockwise rotation, mR	0.58 ± 0.1	3.6 ± 0.1
Scale (enlargement), %	−0.14	<0.1

Example: Revolution 95

Picture	Filter	Phase angle, deg	Incidence angle, deg	View angle, deg	Range, km	Shutter speed, msec	Average histogram video	Mode histogram video	Reduce DN average
12	6	63.4	34.8	27.9	3050	48	304	260	132
14	8	63.4	34.5	28.7	2950	48	160	130	140
16	2	63.3	33.9	30.1	2850	48	308	260	165
18	4	63.3	33.4	32.3	2750	48	258	210	85

Response

Effective wavelength, μm	Filter position/filter position 2	Observed DN/DN (Fp 2)	Subsystem measurements, DN/DN (Fp 2)
0.545	4	0.82 ± 0.02	0.83
0.477	6	0.92 ± 0.02	0.93
0.414	8	0.45 ± 0.02	0.55
0.565	5	1.28 ± 0.03	1.26
0.565	3	1.35 ± 0.02	1.32
0.565	7	1.275 ± 0.02	1.25

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Applied Optics