Prediction of Nighttime Driving Visibility from Laboratory Data

D. W. Dunipace; John Strong; Martin Huizinga

doi:10.1364/AO.13.002723

Applied Optics
Vol. 13,
Issue 11,
pp. 2723-2734
(1974)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.13.002723

Prediction of Nighttime Driving Visibility from Laboratory Data

D. W. Dunipace, John Strong, and Martin Huizinga

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D. W. Dunipace, John Strong, and Martin Huizinga, "Prediction of Nighttime Driving Visibility from Laboratory Data," Appl. Opt. 13, 2723-2734 (1974)

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Abstract

The application of laboratory threshold visibility data to the subject of driving visibility with heat absorbing glass has been reviewed in an attempt to resolve excessive differences between calculated predictions and road test observations. New calculations are described that yield predicted losses of visibility distance due to the use of heat absorbing glass rather than regular glass in automobile windshields. The predicted losses agree satisfactorily with the observed losses for road tests, which average proximately 3%. The new calculations have made use of a revised visual exposure interval of ⅕ sec corresponding with five visual fixational pauses per second and a new simulation model that assumes that the target-to-background contrast increases with reduced headlamp-to-target distance.

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	Item	Value	Ref.
Assumed conditions:
	Headlamps	GE–6012 Upper
	d	16 in. (0.41 m)
	Z	300 ft. (91m)
	R	7.5%
	F	0.82
Derived parameters:
	E	0.65 ft–cd (7.0 lum/m²)	Fig. 5
	T	0.049 ft–L (0.168 cd/m²)	Eq. 3
	α	15.3 min.	Eq. 2
	C	0.1	Fig. 2
	P₂	0.58	Fig. 5
	p	0.78	Fig. 2
	q	1.17	Fig. 2
	m (ISO–C)	0.0	Eq. 13
	m (ISO–B)	11.0	Eq. 14
Predicted losses: Δ Z/Z:
	ISO–C	6.0%	Eq. 23
	ISO–B	0.6%	Eq. 24

Data Source	Target Parameters			Distance Avg.		Percent Reduction of Visibility Distance
	Size		Reflectance (%)	Distance Avg.		Percent Reduction of Visibility Distance
	(in)	(m)	Reflectance (%)	(ft)	(m)	ISO–C	Observed	ISO–B
High Beam, No Glare^a
Calculated	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	300	91	6.3		0.8
(9)^b Targets 1, 2, 3	16×16		7 1/2%	458	140		2.8
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	500	152	5.7		1.9
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	200	61	9.2		0.6
(10) Ser.2, Tg.1, 2, 3^c	Sim. Ped.^d		3%	231	70		0.8
Calc.	36×36		3%	300	91	7.9		1.0
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	300	91	7.3		0.8
(10) Ser.1, Tg.1, 2, 3	Sim. Ped.		7%	431	131		2.0
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	500	152	6.7		1.0
Low Beam, With Glare
Calc.	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	200	61	8.0		0.6
(9) Targets 5, 6, 7	16×16		7 1/2%	248	76		1.4
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	300	91	10.5		1.5
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	150	46	10.5		0.2
(10) Ser.2, Tg.5, 6, 7	Sim. Ped.		3%	159	48		3.0
Calc.	36×36		3%	200	61	12.4		0.2
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	200	61	9.4		0.2
(10) Ser.1, Tg.5, 6.7	Sim. Ped.		7%	254	77		0.7
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	300	91	13.4		1.1
Low Beam, No Glare
(9) Targets 10, 11, 12^e	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	294	90		5.9
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	300	91	4.8		1.3
(8) Series 8	8×12	.20×.30	26%	423	129		4.8
Calc.	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	440	134	4.6		4.6
(10) Ser.2, Tg.10, 11, 12	Sim. Ped.		3%	198	60		1.6
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	200	61	5.0		0.6
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	300	91	5.0		0.8
(10) Ser.1, Tg.10, 11, 12	Sim. Ped.		7%	368	112		3.4
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	500	152	4.8		3.4

	Item	Value	Ref.
Assumed conditions:
	Headlamps	GE–6012 Upper
	d	16 in. (0.41 m)
	Z	300 ft. (91m)
	R	7.5%
	F	0.82
Derived parameters:
	E	0.65 ft–cd (7.0 lum/m²)	Fig. 5
	T	0.049 ft–L (0.168 cd/m²)	Eq. 3
	α	15.3 min.	Eq. 2
	C	0.1	Fig. 2
	P₂	0.58	Fig. 5
	p	0.78	Fig. 2
	q	1.17	Fig. 2
	m (ISO–C)	0.0	Eq. 13
	m (ISO–B)	11.0	Eq. 14
Predicted losses: Δ Z/Z:
	ISO–C	6.0%	Eq. 23
	ISO–B	0.6%	Eq. 24

Data Source	Target Parameters			Distance Avg.		Percent Reduction of Visibility Distance
	Size		Reflectance (%)	Distance Avg.		Percent Reduction of Visibility Distance
	(in)	(m)	Reflectance (%)	(ft)	(m)	ISO–C	Observed	ISO–B
High Beam, No Glare^a
Calculated	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	300	91	6.3		0.8
(9)^b Targets 1, 2, 3	16×16		7 1/2%	458	140		2.8
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	500	152	5.7		1.9
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	200	61	9.2		0.6
(10) Ser.2, Tg.1, 2, 3^c	Sim. Ped.^d		3%	231	70		0.8
Calc.	36×36		3%	300	91	7.9		1.0
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	300	91	7.3		0.8
(10) Ser.1, Tg.1, 2, 3	Sim. Ped.		7%	431	131		2.0
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	500	152	6.7		1.0
Low Beam, With Glare
Calc.	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	200	61	8.0		0.6
(9) Targets 5, 6, 7	16×16		7 1/2%	248	76		1.4
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	300	91	10.5		1.5
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	150	46	10.5		0.2
(10) Ser.2, Tg.5, 6, 7	Sim. Ped.		3%	159	48		3.0
Calc.	36×36		3%	200	61	12.4		0.2
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	200	61	9.4		0.2
(10) Ser.1, Tg.5, 6.7	Sim. Ped.		7%	254	77		0.7
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	300	91	13.4		1.1
Low Beam, No Glare
(9) Targets 10, 11, 12^e	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	294	90		5.9
Calc.	16×16		7 1/2%	300	91	4.8		1.3
(8) Series 8	8×12	.20×.30	26%	423	129		4.8
Calc.	16×16	.41×.41	7 1/2%	440	134	4.6		4.6
(10) Ser.2, Tg.10, 11, 12	Sim. Ped.		3%	198	60		1.6
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	3%	200	61	5.0		0.6
Calc.	36×36	.91×.91	7 1/2%	300	91	5.0		0.8
(10) Ser.1, Tg.10, 11, 12	Sim. Ped.		7%	368	112		3.4
Calc.	36×36		7 1/2%	500	152	4.8		3.4

Abstract

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Figures (7)

Tables (2)

Equations (31)

Applied Optics