Measurement of Air Pollutants from Satellites. 1: Feasibility
Considerations

C. B. Ludwig; M. Griggs; W. Malkmus; E. R. Bartle

doi:10.1364/AO.13.001494

Applied Optics
Vol. 13,
Issue 6,
pp. 1494-1509
(1974)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.13.001494

Measurement of Air Pollutants from Satellites. 1: Feasibility Considerations

C. B. Ludwig, M. Griggs, W. Malkmus, and E. R. Bartle

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C. B. Ludwig, M. Griggs, W. Malkmus, and E. R. Bartle, "Measurement of Air Pollutants from Satellites. 1: Feasibility Considerations," Appl. Opt. 13, 1494-1509 (1974)

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Abstract

The feasibility of observing air pollutants from satellite-borne sensors has been investigated. Radiative transfer calculations, using both line-by-line and band-model methods, have been made to establish the signal changes that originate from the presence of various amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere. The effect of interfering species has been considered.

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Yearly total emission (106 tons)		Sources		Concentration (ppm) troposphere			(ppm) Lower stratosphere	Residence time in troposphere	Removal mechanism

		Natural	Anthropogenic	Global	Regional	Local
CO	200–4000	Fires, Ocean	Combustion	~1 (?)	>.1	<100	0.003	0. 1–3 yr	Sink in stratosphere and biosphere
CO₂	15,000	Decay, Ocean	Combustion	320	>320	Up to 500	320	4 yr	Absorption by oceans; photo synthesis
SO₂	140	Volcanoes	Combustion, chem. process	0.002	.05–.1	<3	Trace ?	4 day	Oxidation; absorption by aerosols
H₂S	140	Volcanoes, biol. action	Chem. process			0.002–1	Trace ?	2 day	Oxidation to SO₂
HF			Incineration			0.001–0.08
HCl			Incineration			<30
NO		Bacterial Action in Soil (?)	Combustion	0.0001	.03–.06	<1.4	0.1 (60km)	5 day	Oxidation
	800
NO₂
			Combustion photochem.	0.001		<0.8	Some
N₂O	600	Biological	None	~0.25		0.25	~0.02	1–3 yr	Sink in stratosphere and biosphere
HNO₃		Stratosphere photochem.	Chemical process			?	~0.006 (max)
NH₃	1160	Biological	Waste treatment	0.006–0.02		0.02–3		2 days	Reaction with SO₂; oxidation
O₃		Photochemistry	Photochemistry			0.009–1	1–10
H₂O		Evaporation	Combustion	Variable			3–200
CH₄		Biological	Combustion	1.5		2–3	<0.1	16 yr
PAN		None	Photochemistry			<0.1
〈HC〉	568	Biological	Combustion	?		<20
Aerosols	3900	Sea Spray,	Combustion	~70 μ/m³		Variable	~0.7 μg/m³	3–5 days	Washout; sedimentation

	All Species

Pollutants	λ (μm)	CO₂	CO	SO₂	NO₂	NH₃	NO	CH₂O	N₂O	CH₄	H₂O	HDO	H₂O¹⁸	O₃	Solar Lines
CO₂	1.6	3ν₁ + ν₃								2ν₃	2ν₂ + ν₃				Fe, C, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Na, P, Mg
	2.1	2ν₁ + ν₃									ν₁ + ν₂				Fe, Ca, Ni, Si
											ν₂ + ν₃
											3ν₂
CO	4.6	ν₁ + ν₂	0–1						ν₃		ν₂			ν₁ + ν₃	Co
		2ν₁ − ν₂									ν₃ − ν₂
											ν₁ − ν₂
	2.3		0–2							ν₃ + ν₄	ν₁, ν₃	3ν₂(?)			Fe, Ti, Na, P, Mg, C, Ni, S, S
												ν₁ + ν₂
SO₂	8.6			ν₁					2ν₂	(?)	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂	ν₃	Si, Ca, Na
	4			ν₁ + ν₃					ν₁ + 2ν₂	few
									2ν₁	lines
NO₂	7.6				ν₁				ν₁	ν₄	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂
	3.4				ν₁ + ν₃					ν₃	2ν₂	ν₁, 2ν₂			Ca
NH₃	10.5	ν₃ − 2ν₂				ν₂			2ν₂, ν₁	(?)	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂
		ν₃ − ν₁
	3.0	3ν₂ + ν₃				ν₁			ν₁ + ν₃	ν₃	ν₁, ν₃				Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, C
		− ν₂							2ν₂ + ν₃		2ν₂
NO	5.3	3ν₂¹	0–1				0–1				ν₂
HCHO	3.5							ν₄	2ν₂ + ν₃	2ν₄, ν₃	2ν₂	ν₁, 2ν₂			Mg, Si, Ti, Fe
CH₄	3.3					ν₁				ν₃	2ν₂
	7.6				ν₁				ν₁	ν₄	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂

Species	λ (μ)	$\bar{k}$ (cm⁻¹–atm⁻¹)	Detector	Temp. (K)	A_d (cm²)	D*(W⁻¹)	1 − τ	Minimum detectable concentr. (ppb)	Estimated concentr. of normal stratosph. (ppb)
CO₂	4.3	10	PbSe	193	4 × 10⁻⁶	4 × 10⁻¹⁰	5 × 10⁻⁵	0.1	2.5 × 10⁵
	15.0	1.5	MCT	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹⁰	0.2	120
CO	4.6	1	InSb	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹¹	10⁻⁴	0.3	?
CH₄	3.1	1	PbS	77	4 × 10⁻⁶	10⁻¹¹	5 × 10⁻⁷	0.1
	8.4	1	MCT	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹⁰	9 × 10⁻²	50	2500
NH₃	3.1	0.1	PbS	77	4 × 10⁻⁶	10⁻¹¹	5 × 10⁻⁷	0.1	?
	10	3	MCT	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹⁰	9 × 10⁻²	50
NO	5.4	0.5	InSb	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹¹	10⁻³	3	25
NO₂	3.5	0.5	PbS	77	4 × 10⁻⁶	10⁻¹¹	2 × 10⁻¹	0.1	?
N₂O	4.5	14	InSb	77	10⁻⁴	9 × 10⁻¹⁰	10⁻⁴	0.1
	8	1	MCT	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹⁰	5 × 10⁻²	100	2500
N₂O₅	8	50	MCT	77	10⁻⁴	10⁻¹⁰	5 × 10⁻²	2	?

Yearly total emission (106 tons)		Sources		Concentration (ppm) troposphere			(ppm) Lower stratosphere	Residence time in troposphere	Removal mechanism

		Natural	Anthropogenic	Global	Regional	Local
CO	200–4000	Fires, Ocean	Combustion	~1 (?)	>.1	<100	0.003	0. 1–3 yr	Sink in stratosphere and biosphere
CO₂	15,000	Decay, Ocean	Combustion	320	>320	Up to 500	320	4 yr	Absorption by oceans; photo synthesis
SO₂	140	Volcanoes	Combustion, chem. process	0.002	.05–.1	<3	Trace ?	4 day	Oxidation; absorption by aerosols
H₂S	140	Volcanoes, biol. action	Chem. process			0.002–1	Trace ?	2 day	Oxidation to SO₂
HF			Incineration			0.001–0.08
HCl			Incineration			<30
NO		Bacterial Action in Soil (?)	Combustion	0.0001	.03–.06	<1.4	0.1 (60km)	5 day	Oxidation
	800
NO₂
			Combustion photochem.	0.001		<0.8	Some
N₂O	600	Biological	None	~0.25		0.25	~0.02	1–3 yr	Sink in stratosphere and biosphere
HNO₃		Stratosphere photochem.	Chemical process			?	~0.006 (max)
NH₃	1160	Biological	Waste treatment	0.006–0.02		0.02–3		2 days	Reaction with SO₂; oxidation
O₃		Photochemistry	Photochemistry			0.009–1	1–10
H₂O		Evaporation	Combustion	Variable			3–200
CH₄		Biological	Combustion	1.5		2–3	<0.1	16 yr
PAN		None	Photochemistry			<0.1
〈HC〉	568	Biological	Combustion	?		<20
Aerosols	3900	Sea Spray,	Combustion	~70 μ/m³		Variable	~0.7 μg/m³	3–5 days	Washout; sedimentation

	All Species

Pollutants	λ (μm)	CO₂	CO	SO₂	NO₂	NH₃	NO	CH₂O	N₂O	CH₄	H₂O	HDO	H₂O¹⁸	O₃	Solar Lines
CO₂	1.6	3ν₁ + ν₃								2ν₃	2ν₂ + ν₃				Fe, C, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Na, P, Mg
	2.1	2ν₁ + ν₃									ν₁ + ν₂				Fe, Ca, Ni, Si
											ν₂ + ν₃
											3ν₂
CO	4.6	ν₁ + ν₂	0–1						ν₃		ν₂			ν₁ + ν₃	Co
		2ν₁ − ν₂									ν₃ − ν₂
											ν₁ − ν₂
	2.3		0–2							ν₃ + ν₄	ν₁, ν₃	3ν₂(?)			Fe, Ti, Na, P, Mg, C, Ni, S, S
												ν₁ + ν₂
SO₂	8.6			ν₁					2ν₂	(?)	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂	ν₃	Si, Ca, Na
	4			ν₁ + ν₃					ν₁ + 2ν₂	few
									2ν₁	lines
NO₂	7.6				ν₁				ν₁	ν₄	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂
	3.4				ν₁ + ν₃					ν₃	2ν₂	ν₁, 2ν₂			Ca
NH₃	10.5	ν₃ − 2ν₂				ν₂			2ν₂, ν₁	(?)	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂
		ν₃ − ν₁
	3.0	3ν₂ + ν₃				ν₁			ν₁ + ν₃	ν₃	ν₁, ν₃				Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, C
		− ν₂							2ν₂ + ν₃		2ν₂
NO	5.3	3ν₂¹	0–1				0–1				ν₂
HCHO	3.5							ν₄	2ν₂ + ν₃	2ν₄, ν₃	2ν₂	ν₁, 2ν₂			Mg, Si, Ti, Fe
CH₄	3.3					ν₁				ν₃	2ν₂
	7.6				ν₁				ν₁	ν₄	ν₂	ν₂	ν₂

Abstract

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Figures (19)

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Equations (9)

Applied Optics