Ophthalmic hazards associated with laser endoscopy

Chris Gulacsik; David C. Auth; Fred E. Silverstein

doi:10.1364/AO.18.001816

Applied Optics
Vol. 18,
Issue 11,
pp. 1816-1823
(1979)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.001816

Ophthalmic hazards associated with laser endoscopy

Chris Gulacsik, David C. Auth, and Fred E. Silverstein

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Chris Gulacsik, David C. Auth, and Fred E. Silverstein, "Ophthalmic hazards associated with laser endoscopy," Appl. Opt. 18, 1816-1823 (1979)

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Abstract

It is well documented that work with lasers poses a risk of ocular radiation damage. We specifically investigated the risk of intense backflash during laser treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. Two well-characterized models of mucosal reflections are used to document flashback levels on several standard fiberoptic endoscopes. Both argon and neodymium–YAG laser sources are evaluated. Filter attachments that will provide adequate protection from the flashback hazard are also described.

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		Specular Reflector			Diffuse Reflector

	Distal Power (W)	5	10	15	5	10	15
d = 0.5 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	1.5 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.9 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ±0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	1.4 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.3	4.3 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0	1.1 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	3.4 ± 0.2	6.9 ± 0.3	10.2 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.0	1.4 ± 0.0	2.1 ± 0.0
	LF8-2T (ACMI)	2.5 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.2	7.5 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.0	1.1 ± 0.0	1.7 ± 0.0
d =2.0 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	0.3 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0. 1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	0.8 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.0	2.4 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	0.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0

		Specular Reflector			Diffuse Reflector

	Distal Power (W)	5	10	15	5	10	15
d =0.5 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	1.4 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	2.0 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	3.0 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	6.4 ± 0.2	12.9 ± 0.5	18.8 ± 0.8	0.7 ± 0.0	1.5 ± 0.0	2.2 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	6.9 ± 0.1	11.3 ± 0.4	14.2 ± 0.7	0.5 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0	1.6 ± 0.0
d = 2.0 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	0.5 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.4 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.0 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	1.3 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	1.7 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0

		Specular Reflector			Diffuse Reflector

	Distal Power (W)	5	10	15	5	10	15
d = 0.5 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	1.5 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.9 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ±0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	1.4 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.3	4.3 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0	1.1 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	3.4 ± 0.2	6.9 ± 0.3	10.2 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.0	1.4 ± 0.0	2.1 ± 0.0
	LF8-2T (ACMI)	2.5 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.2	7.5 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.0	1.1 ± 0.0	1.7 ± 0.0
d =2.0 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	0.3 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0. 1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	0.8 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.0	2.4 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	0.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0

		Specular Reflector			Diffuse Reflector

	Distal Power (W)	5	10	15	5	10	15
d =0.5 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	1.4 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	2.0 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	3.0 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	6.4 ± 0.2	12.9 ± 0.5	18.8 ± 0.8	0.7 ± 0.0	1.5 ± 0.0	2.2 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	6.9 ± 0.1	11.3 ± 0.4	14.2 ± 0.7	0.5 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0	1.6 ± 0.0
d = 2.0 cm	GIF-D (OLYMPUS)	0.5 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	GIF-P2 (OLYMPUS)	0.4 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.0 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0
	TGF-2S (OLYMPUS)	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0
	F9-A (ACMI)	1.3 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.0
	F8-2T (ACMI)	1.7 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0

Abstract

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Figures (10)

Tables (2)

Equations (10)

Applied Optics