Table I
Critical Relative Humidities (RH*) and Assumed Mass Fractions for Some Electrolytes, which are Primarily Composed of Ions Observed in Aerosols
Electrolyte RH* (%) Mass fraction (%) LiCl 13 2.5 CaCl2 18 2.5 MgCl2 33 2.5 Zn(NO3 )2 45 2.5 NH4 NO3 62 5 NaNO3 74 5 NaCl 76 5 NH4 Cl 77 5 (NH4 )2 SO4 80 50 KCl 85 5 Na2 SO4 86 5 MgSO4 91 5 KNO3 92 5
Table II
Mass Fractions of Characteristic Aerosol Types and Actual Parameter Values Used for Calculations of the Growth Factor
Aerosol type Type of growth factor (Table VII ) (1) Mass fractions (2) Parameter values
Water soluble Water insoluble Sea salt Soot E ρ s (g/cm3 )ρ o (g/cm3 )M s b Nuclei mode 1 0.8 0.2 0.8 2.0 2.2 100 20 Accumulation mode Rural, averagea 2 0.7 0.3 0.7 2.0 2.2 100 20 Normal, mode average 3 0.8 0.2 0.8 2.0 2.2 100 20 Anthropogenic 4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.6 2.0 2.1 100 20 Coarse particle mode Normal, mode average 5 0.4 0.6 0.4 2.0 2.65 100 20 Normal, soluble particles 6 0.8 0.2 0.8 2.0 2.2 100 20 Normal, soluble fraction 7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 100 20 Maritime, arctic 8 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 2.1 2.4 66.3 25.4 Maritime, Atlantic 9 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 2.05 2.45 80.8 22.5 Maritime, soluble fraction 10 0.3 0.7 1.0 2.12 2.12 66.77 25.4 Sea salt (NaCl) 11 1.0 1.0 2.17 2.17 58.45 27.6 Rural, averagea 12 0.7 0.3 0.7 2.0 2.2 100 20
a Fractions of water soluble and dustlike aerosols in the size distributions proposed by Shettle and Fenn.
40
Table III
Complex Refractive Indices (n = n ′ − ik ) for Characteristic Components of Aerosol Particles
Wavelength (μ m) Water soluble fraction Water insoluble fraction Sea salt Soot Water 0.2000 1.530 0.070 1.530 0.070 1.450 0.000 1.396 0.000 0.2500 1.530 0.030 1.530 0.030 1.450 0.000 1.362 0.000 0.3000 1.530 0.008 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.349 0.000 0.3371 1.530 0.005 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.345 0.000 0.4880 1.530 0.005 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.560 0.490 1.335 0.000 0.5145 1.530 0.005 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.560 0.490 1.334 0.000 0.5500 1.530 0.005 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.570 0.500 1.333 0.000 0.6328 1.530 0.006 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.570 0.480 1.332 0.000 0.6943 1.530 0.007 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.570 0.480 1.331 0.000 0.7000 1.530 0.007 1.530 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.570 0.480 1.331 0.000 0.8000 1.524 0.010 1.524 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.570 0.480 1.329 0.000 0.8600 1.520 0.012 1.520 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.580 0.490 1.329 0.000 0.9100 1.520 0.013 1.520 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.590 0.510 1.328 0.000 1.0600 1.520 0.017 1.520 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.610 0.540 1.326 0.000 1.1300 1.519 0.018 1.502 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.620 0.540 1.325 0.000 1.5360 1.510 0.023 1.400 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.660 0.570 1.318 0.000 1.7000 1.478 0.018 1.351 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.680 0.580 1.315 0.000 2.0000 1.420 0.008 1.260 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.720 0.600 1.306 0.001 2.1600 1.420 0.009 1.234 0.008 1.450 0.000 1.740 0.610 1.298 0.000 2.4000 1.420 0.011 1.196 0.009 1.450 0.000 1.770 0.620 1.279 0.001 2.5000 1.420 0.012 1.180 0.009 1.425 0.007 1.780 0.620 1.261 0.002 2.6000 1.410 0.034 1.180 0.011 1.414 0.009 1.790 0.610 1.242 0.003 2.7000 1.400 0.055 1.180 0.013 1.410 0.012 1.790 0.610 1.188 0.019 2.8000 1.407 0.044 1.173 0.013 1.418 0.014 1.800 0.610 1.142 0.115 2.9500 1.417 0.027 1.163 0.012 1.527 0.006 1.810 0.610 1.292 0.298 3.0000 1.420 0.022 1.160 0.012 1.607 0.005 1.820 0.600 1.371 0.272 3.1500 1.428 0.011 1.205 0.011 1.520 0.003 1.820 0.590 1.483 0.135 3.2000 1.430 0.008 1.220 0.010 1.509 0.002 1.820 0.590 1.478 0.092 3.3923 1.430 0.007 1.260 0.013 1.489 0.002 1.830 0.570 1.422 0.021 3.5000 1.450 0.005 1.280 0.011 1.485 0.002 1.830 0.570 1.400 0.009 3.7500 1.452 0.004 1.270 0.011 1.476 0.001 1.840 0.590 1.369 0.004 3.8000 1.453 0.004 1.268 0.011 1.474 0.001 1.840 0.590 1.364 0.003 4.0000 1.455 0.005 1.260 0.012 1.476 0.002 1.850 0.600 1.351 0.005 4.5000 1.460 0.013 1.260 0.014 1.486 0.004 1.850 0.580 1.332 0.013 4.7300 1.455 0.014 1.251 0.016 1.478 0.003 1.850 0.580 1.330 0.016 5.0000 1.450 0.016 1.240 0.018 1.465 0.003 1.850 0.570 1.325 0.012 5.3000 1.444 0.017 1.228 0.020 1.449 0.003 1.870 0.540 1.312 0.010 5.5000 1.440 0.018 1.220 0.021 1.439 0.003 1.900 0.530 1.298 0.012 5.9000 1.416 0.022 1.164 0.034 1.423 0.011 1.950 0.500 1.248 0.062 6.0000 1.410 0.023 1.150 0.037 1.429 0.015 1.960 0.490 1.265 0.107 6.2000 1.430 0.027 1.142 0.039 1.574 0.022 1.980 0.510 1.363 0.088 6.5000 1.460 0.033 1.130 0.042 1.479 0.005 2.000 0.540 1.339 0.039 7.0000 1.417 0.059 1.323 0.051 1.449 0.006 2.040 0.510 1.317 0.032 7.2000 1.400 0.070 1.400 0.055 1.439 0.008 2.060 0.520 1.312 0.032 7.9000 1.200 0.065 1.150 0.040 1.404 0.018 2.090 0.560 1.294 0.034 8.2000 1.010 0.100 1.130 0.074 1.413 0.022 2.120 0.630 1.286 0.035 8.5000 1.300 0.215 1.300 0.090 1.461 0.027 2.160 0.730 1.278 0.037 8.7000 2.400 0.290 1.400 0.100 1.566 0.029 2.190 0.820 1.272 0.038 9.0000 2.560 0.370 1.700 0.140 1.667 0.028 2.220 0.980 1.262 0.040 9.2000 2.200 0.420 1.720 0.150 1.627 0.026 2.230 1.070 1.255 0.042 9.5000 1.950 0.160 1.730 0.162 1.584 0.022 2.250 1.150 1.243 0.044 10.0000 1.820 0.030 1.750 0.162 1.534 0.016 2.300 1.290 1.218 0.051 10.5910 1.760 0.070 1.620 0.120 1.510 0.014 1.179 0.072 10.7000 1.749 0.065 1.620 0.116 1.506 0.014 1.172 0.078 11.0000 1.720 0.050 1.620 0.105 1.494 0.014 1.153 0.097 12.0000 1.670 0.053 1.545 0.103 1.466 0.015 1.111 0.199 12.4900 1.646 0.054 1.508 0.101 1.428 0.017 1.123 0.258 13.0000 1.620 0.055 1.470 0.100 1.412 0.019 1.146 0.305 14.8000 1.400 0.100 1.570 0.100 1.434 0.030 1.258 0.396 15.0000 1.420 0.200 1.570 0.100 1.440 0.032 1.270 0.402 17.2000 2.080 0.240 1.630 0.100 1.668 0.084 1.386 0.429 18.5000 1.850 0.170 1.648 0.120 1.737 0.113 1.443 0.421 19.5000 2.030 0.203 1.669 0.187 1.750 0.138 1.476 0.404 20.0000 2.120 0.220 1.680 0.220 1.747 0.149 1.480 0.393 25.0000 1.880 0.280 1.970 0.248 1.738 0.214 1.531 0.356 27.9000 1.840 0.290 1.890 0.320 1.744 0.251 1.549 0.339 30.0000 1.820 0.300 1.800 0.420 1.745 0.279 1.551 0.328 32.0000 1.860 0.340 1.840 0.452 1.741 0.383 1.546 0.324 35.0000 1.920 0.400 1.900 0.500 1.735 0.553 1.525 0.336 40.0000 1.860 0.500 2.100 0.600 1.707 0.000 1.519 0.385
Table IV
Concentration of Certain ions in the Water Soluble Fraction of Aerosol Particles
Refs. Place date weather Total mass μ g/m3 Concentration of certain ions in the water soluble fraction (μ g/m3 )
SO
4
-
-
NO
3
- Cl−
NH
4
+ Na+ K+ Mg++ Ca++ 35 Tees-side — 14.4 3.8 3.2 5.4 1.1 0.4 0.6 1.6 1967, June–October mean value 16 Råöa 33 12.8 6.6 2.2 5.0 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 1974.02.25–02.27 W trajectory 16 Råö 28 7.1 3.2 0.7 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 1974.02.27–03.01 E-SE trajectory black episode 16 Råö 53 10.3 4.7 1.2 4.1 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.7 1974.03-01-03.04 SE-E trajectory black episode 16 Råö 19 5.8 1.6 0.7 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 1974.04.08–04.16 NW-N trajectory
a Råö is situated 40 km SSW Gothenburg.
Table V
The van’t Hoff Factor i and the Dissolved Fraction ∊ of the Water Soluble Components at Different Relative Humidities
RH (%) Normal Maritime, arctic Maritime, Atlantic NaCl
i ∊ i ∊ i ∊ i ∊ 20 16.85 0.02 16.85 0.006 16.85 0.01 — 0.0 30 14.45 0.05 14.45 0.015 14.45 0.03 — 0.0 40 12.00 0.07 12.00 0.02 12.00 0.05 — 0.0 50 9.55 0.10 9.55 0.03 9.55 0.07 — 0.0 60 7.10 0.16 7.10 0.05 7.10 0.11 — 0.0 70 4.70 0.30 4.70 0.20 4.70 0.25 — 0.0 75 3.60 0.50 3.60 0.50 3.60 0.50 — 0.0 76 — — 3.08 0.87 3.28 0.72 2.926 1.0 80 2.85 0.80 3.74 0.94 2.80 0.87 2.697 1.0 85 2.40 0.90 2.42 0.97 2.41 0.93 2.429 1.0 90 2.10 0.96 2.16 0.99 2.13 0.97 2.181 1.0 95 1.94 1.0 1.96 1.0 1.95 1.0 1.962 1.0 96 1.93 1.0 1.93 1.0 1.93 1.0 1.925 1.0 97 1.94 1.0 1.91 1.0 1.92 1.0 1.893 1.0 98 1.96 1.0 1.89 1.0 1.93 1.0 1.865 1.0 99 2.03 1.0 1.90 1.0 1.97 1.0 1.853 1.0 99.5 2.10 1.0 1.93 1.0 2.02 1.0 1.862 1.0 99.8 2.40 1.0 2.08 1.0 2.25 1.0 1.945 1.0 100 2.63 1.0 2.18 1.0 2.42 1.0 2.000 1.0
Table VI
∊ NaCl as a Function of Relative Humidity
Relative humidity (%) ∊ NaCl 20–60 0 60–76 adaption 0–1 76–100 1
Table VII
Calculated Values of the Growth Factor r /r o at temp + 15°C for Different Aerosol Compositions at Representative Sizes of Dry Particles
Typea composition Fine particles Coarse particles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Water soluble 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.7 Water insoluble 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 Sea salt 0.5 0.2 0.7 1.0 Soot 0.3 r o (μ m)0.015 0.05 0.1 0.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 RH (%) 20 1.007 1.007 1.009 1.006 1.005 1.009 1.010 1.004 1.005 1.005 1.000 1.008 30 1.016 1.026 1.031 1.014 1.019 1.032 1.036 1.014 1.020 1.017 1.000 1.028 40 1.047 1.047 1.055 1.040 1.034 1.056 1.063 1.024 1.042 1.030 1.000 1.049 50 1.077 1.077 1.090 1.066 1.057 1.092 1.104 1.042 1.068 1.052 1.000 1.081 60 1.127 1.130 1.150 1.112 1.098 1.155 1.173 1.075 1.114 1.092 1.000 1.138 70 1.215 1.225 1.260 1.197 1.176 1.268 1.297 1.260 1.238 1.311 1.000 1.241 75 1.313 1.333 1.382 1.294 1.265 1.394 1.433 1.512 1.404 1.598 1.000 1.356 76 1.354 1.376 1.429 1.333 1.302 1.443 1.485 1.694 1.510 1.801 1.929 1.402 80 1.454 1.487 1.554 1.436 1.398 1.572 1.623 1.785 1.611 1.902 2.016 1.522 85 1.536 1.589 1.670 1.534 1.493 1.695 1.754 1.918 1.727 2.049 2.167 1.637 90 1.655 1.746 1.851 1.687 1.645 1.888 1.958 2.136 1.919 2.287 2.415 1.819 95 1.900 2.093 2.256 2.034 1.999 2.328 2.422 2.616 2.355 2.810 2.955 2.237 96 1.982 2.221 2.421 2.166 2.138 3.498 2.600 2.803 2.524 3.013 3.166 2.399 97 2.093 2.403 2.629 2.357 2.343 2.747 2.861 3.072 2.767 3.305 3.467 2.637 98 2.244 1.679 2.971 2.654 2.674 3.146 3.279 3.500 3.164 3.768 3.950 3.019 99 2.489 3.198 3.658 3.249 3.382 3.994 4.167 4.408 3.999 4.750 4.971 3.834 99.5 2.680 3.726 4.435 3.915 4.284 5.071 5.291 5.567 5.061 6.003 6.249 4.873 99.8 2.987 4.526 5.729 5.010 6.027 7.149 7.464 7.704 7.074 8.311 8.564 6.892 100 3.245 5.575 8.432 7.136 29.275 37.722 40.212 41.209 36.790 46.128 47.776 55.791
a Type 1 refers to the nuclei mode, and types 2 and 12 to the two modes in the distribution proposed by Shettle and Fenn.
40
Table VIII
Mean Values of the Parameters in a Tri-modal Size Distribution According to Measurements by Whitby3
Mode N T a SGb lnSG DGVc (m) r m d (μ m)Nuclei 5E + 4 1.74 0.55 0.043 0.0085 Accumulation 2.8E + 3 2.05 0.72 0.34 0.036 Coarse particle 4 2.33 0.85 8.75 0.51
a N T = total number.
b SG = average geometric standard deviation.
c DGV = average geometric mean diameter by volume.
d r m = average geometric mean radius by number.
Table IX
Assumed and Calculated Size Distribution Parameters in Different Air Masses and Equivalent Relative Humidities for Which Visibility Equals 2 km, 5 km, 15 km, and 50 km
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Type of air mass Mean visibility (km) Coeff. of ext. (km−1 ) Particle size distributiona Visibility (km)
Mode atm typeb n T N T r mo (μ m)lnSG 2 5 15 50 Relative humidity (%) Continental 25 0.1476 Ac 4 0.9999 1.8E + 4 0.02 0.85 98.7 96.5 84 — tropical air Cp 5 0.0001 1.8 0.5 0.8 Maritime 30 0.1230 Ac 3 0.9995 5E + 3 0.03 0.8 99 97 86 — tropical air Cp 9 0.0005 2.5 0.6 0.8 Continental 35 0.1054 Ac 3 0.999 3.7E + 3 0.035 0.75 99.2 97.5 89 22 polar air Cp 5 0.001 3.7 0.5 0.8 Maritime 40 0.0922 Ac 3 0.998 1.95E + 3 0.04 0.7 99.4 98 91 56 polar air Cp 9 0.002 3.9 0.6 0.8 Maritime 60 0.0615 Ac 3 0.99 3.8E + 2 0.045 0.7 99.7 99 95 73 arctic air Cp 8 0.01 3.8 0.6 0.8
a n T = number fractions,
N T = total number,
r mo = median radius for dry particles, lnSG = standard deviation of lnr.
b According to
Table VII .