Radiometric evaluation of surgical microscope lights for hazards analyses

David H. Sliney; Brett C. Armstrong

doi:10.1364/AO.25.001882

Applied Optics
Vol. 25,
Issue 12,
pp. 1882-1889
(1986)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.25.001882

Radiometric evaluation of surgical microscope lights for hazards analyses

David H. Sliney and Brett C. Armstrong

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David H. Sliney and Brett C. Armstrong, "Radiometric evaluation of surgical microscope lights for hazards analyses," Appl. Opt. 25, 1882-1889 (1986)

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Abstract

The light output of ten operating microscope illuminators used for eye surgery was measured. The spectral output characteristics of each source were compared to optical radiation safety standards. Exposure of sensitive ocular structures of the patient is discussed. The light sources tested were found to be safe for momentary viewing, and almost all devices sufficiently filtered IR wavelengths to preclude acute thermal bioeffects. The permissible occupational exposure duration was found to range from 2 min to 1 h. Interpretations of these findings to the clinical setting are provided. Light exposure of the retina should be minimized by using the lowest light setting commensurate with the surgical task and making maximal use of off-axis illumination to minimize central retinal (macular) exposure. It is also recommended to use eyecups to shield the retina during final suturing.

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Manufacturer	Location	Model	Serial	Type	Lens focal length (mm)	Lamp wattage	Setting
Carl Zeiss	A	OMPI-6	23678	Tungsten direct illuminator	175		High
Applied Fibre Optics	A	Stock 0542	76-025	Halogena direct central illuminator w/fiber-optic side illuminator	175	DNA-ASA Type 21 VAC Lamp 1	High
Carl Zeiss	A	OMPI-6	80607	Halogena fiber-optic illuminator	150	Norelco lamp EFR 6423	Variable intensity on maximum
Carl Zeiss	B	OMPI-6S	31010187	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/coaxial fiber-optic illuminator	200	Norelco lamp EFR 6423	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	C	OMPI-6S	390158 (OR 17)	Tungsten direct central illuminator w/two fiber optic side illuminators	175	6V 30 W	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	C	OMPI-6SF	(OR 18)	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/two direct side illuminators	175		Maximum
Edward Weck & Co.	C	JKH Fiberlight	SN 189	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/two direct side illuminators	150		Maximum
Topcon	D	OMS-300	—	Halogena fiber-optic coaxial w/direct side illuminator	175	750 w and 33 w	Maximum
Wild-Heerbrugg	D	MEL 48	8005260355	Halogen M-690	200	50/30 w	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	D	OMPI-6	—	Halogen fiber-optic w/two side illuminators	150	6 V 30 W	Maximum

Measured quantity	Symbol	Unit	AFO-6 76-025	Zeiss OPMI-6 23678	Zeiss OPMI-6 80607	Zeiss OPMI-6S 31010187	Zeiss 390158 OR17	Zeiss OPMI-6SF OR18	Zeiss OPMI-6	Week JKH	Topcon OMS-300	Wild-Heerbrugg MEL-48	Wild-Heerbrugg MEL-48 with UV filter
Total irradiance	E_E	mW/cm²	18.0	17.8	19.5	96.5	18.7	18.8	47.2	55.2	33.9	35.6	32.9
Total illuminance	E_V	1 m/cm²	2.4	3.1	4.8	15.4	3.5	3.9	9.8	13.4	7.8	9.0	8.2
Blue-light irradiance	E_B	mW/cm²	0.7	1.2	1.4	4.4	0.8	0.9	4.0	3.9	2.69	3.8	3.3
Aphakic eff. irradiance	E_A	mW/cm²	0.87	1.5	1.7	4.9	0.83	1.1	5.2	4.6	3.34	4.9	4.1
Total radiance	L_E	W/(cm² · sr)	0.6	4.8	0.6	4.8	4.8	1.4	4.4	2.0	8.5	5.9	5.5
Total luminance	L_V	cd/cm²	940	840	140	780	1070	300	1970	480	1950	1500	1370
Blue-light radiance	L_B	mW/(cm² · sr)14	320	19	111	120	35	800	69	70	640	550
Aphakic eff. radiance	L_A	mW/(cm² · sr)17	400	23	120	120	43	1040	82	830	830	680
Luminous efficacy	K	1 mW	135	173	248	160	189	209	208	243	230	252	250
Percent UV (λ < 400 nm)		%	0.2	0.6	0.7	0.1	0.04	0.2	0.85	0.4	0.6	1.1	0.8
Percent IR (λ > 700 nm)		%	50.0	36.2	18.0	44.1	33.0	29	25	17.4	18.9	13.1	14.1
ACGIH correction Factor C_A (avg)	C_A	—	1.09	1.38	1.48	1.16	1.23	1.27	1.59	1.47	1.56	1.81	1.75
Occ. media trans.	τ	%	85.5	89.3	90.2	86.5	92.6	91.1	89.1	88.3	89.7	87.9	88.6
Retinal absorption	τ · α	%	48.7	55.5	63.0	51.8	59.4	59.1	59.6	61.9	61.6	63.1	63.2
Permissible exposure duration—phakic	T_max	Min	60	5.2	44	7.5	7.0	24	2.1	12	2.5	2.6	3.1
Permissible exposure duration—aphakic	T′_max	Min	50	4	40	6.5	2.5	19	1.6	10	2.0	2.0	2.0
Fiber-optic or direct	F,D	—	F	D	F	F	D	F	F	F	F	D	D

Wavelength (nm)	Blue-light hazard function B_λ	Aphake photic hazard function A_λ	Burn hazard Function R_λ
305	—	6.00	—
310	—	6.00	—
315	—	6.00	—
320	—	6.00	—
325	—	6.00	—
330	—	6.00	—
335	—	6.00	—
340	—	5.88	—
345	—	5.71	—
350	—	5.46	—
355	—	5.22	—
360	—	4.62	—
365	—	4.29	—
370	—	3.75	—
375	—	3.56	—
380	—	3.19	—
385	—	2.31	—
390	—	1.88	—
395	—	1.58	—
400	0.10	1.43	1.0
405	0.20	1.30	2.0
410	0.40	1.25	4.0
415	0.80	1.20	8.0
420	0.90	1.15	9.0
425	0.95	1.11	9.5
430	0.98	1.07	9.8
435	1.0	1.03	10.0
440	1.0	1.0	10.0
445	0.97	0.97	9.7
450	0.94	0.94	9.4
455	0.90	0.90	9.0
460	0.80	0.80	8.0
465	0.70	0.70	7.0
470	0.62	0.62	6.2
475	0.55	0.55	5.5
480	0.45	0.45	4.5
485	0.40	0.46	4.0
490	0.22	0.22	2.2
495	0.16	0.16	1.6
500–600	10^{[(450–λ)/50]}	10^{[(450–λ)/50)}	1.0
600–700	0.001	0.001	1.0
700–1049			10^{[(700–λ)/500]}
1050–1400			0.2

Manufacturer	Location	Model	Serial	Type	Lens focal length (mm)	Lamp wattage	Setting
Carl Zeiss	A	OMPI-6	23678	Tungsten direct illuminator	175		High
Applied Fibre Optics	A	Stock 0542	76-025	Halogena direct central illuminator w/fiber-optic side illuminator	175	DNA-ASA Type 21 VAC Lamp 1	High
Carl Zeiss	A	OMPI-6	80607	Halogena fiber-optic illuminator	150	Norelco lamp EFR 6423	Variable intensity on maximum
Carl Zeiss	B	OMPI-6S	31010187	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/coaxial fiber-optic illuminator	200	Norelco lamp EFR 6423	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	C	OMPI-6S	390158 (OR 17)	Tungsten direct central illuminator w/two fiber optic side illuminators	175	6V 30 W	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	C	OMPI-6SF	(OR 18)	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/two direct side illuminators	175		Maximum
Edward Weck & Co.	C	JKH Fiberlight	SN 189	Halogena fiber-optic central illuminator w/two direct side illuminators	150		Maximum
Topcon	D	OMS-300	—	Halogena fiber-optic coaxial w/direct side illuminator	175	750 w and 33 w	Maximum
Wild-Heerbrugg	D	MEL 48	8005260355	Halogen M-690	200	50/30 w	Maximum
Carl Zeiss	D	OMPI-6	—	Halogen fiber-optic w/two side illuminators	150	6 V 30 W	Maximum

Measured quantity	Symbol	Unit	AFO-6 76-025	Zeiss OPMI-6 23678	Zeiss OPMI-6 80607	Zeiss OPMI-6S 31010187	Zeiss 390158 OR17	Zeiss OPMI-6SF OR18	Zeiss OPMI-6	Week JKH	Topcon OMS-300	Wild-Heerbrugg MEL-48	Wild-Heerbrugg MEL-48 with UV filter
Total irradiance	E_E	mW/cm²	18.0	17.8	19.5	96.5	18.7	18.8	47.2	55.2	33.9	35.6	32.9
Total illuminance	E_V	1 m/cm²	2.4	3.1	4.8	15.4	3.5	3.9	9.8	13.4	7.8	9.0	8.2
Blue-light irradiance	E_B	mW/cm²	0.7	1.2	1.4	4.4	0.8	0.9	4.0	3.9	2.69	3.8	3.3
Aphakic eff. irradiance	E_A	mW/cm²	0.87	1.5	1.7	4.9	0.83	1.1	5.2	4.6	3.34	4.9	4.1
Total radiance	L_E	W/(cm² · sr)	0.6	4.8	0.6	4.8	4.8	1.4	4.4	2.0	8.5	5.9	5.5
Total luminance	L_V	cd/cm²	940	840	140	780	1070	300	1970	480	1950	1500	1370
Blue-light radiance	L_B	mW/(cm² · sr)14	320	19	111	120	35	800	69	70	640	550
Aphakic eff. radiance	L_A	mW/(cm² · sr)17	400	23	120	120	43	1040	82	830	830	680
Luminous efficacy	K	1 mW	135	173	248	160	189	209	208	243	230	252	250
Percent UV (λ < 400 nm)		%	0.2	0.6	0.7	0.1	0.04	0.2	0.85	0.4	0.6	1.1	0.8
Percent IR (λ > 700 nm)		%	50.0	36.2	18.0	44.1	33.0	29	25	17.4	18.9	13.1	14.1
ACGIH correction Factor C_A (avg)	C_A	—	1.09	1.38	1.48	1.16	1.23	1.27	1.59	1.47	1.56	1.81	1.75
Occ. media trans.	τ	%	85.5	89.3	90.2	86.5	92.6	91.1	89.1	88.3	89.7	87.9	88.6
Retinal absorption	τ · α	%	48.7	55.5	63.0	51.8	59.4	59.1	59.6	61.9	61.6	63.1	63.2
Permissible exposure duration—phakic	T_max	Min	60	5.2	44	7.5	7.0	24	2.1	12	2.5	2.6	3.1
Permissible exposure duration—aphakic	T′_max	Min	50	4	40	6.5	2.5	19	1.6	10	2.0	2.0	2.0
Fiber-optic or direct	F,D	—	F	D	F	F	D	F	F	F	F	D	D

Abstract

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