Dichromated gelatin holograms: an investigation of their environmental stability

Goureesh M. Naik; Arvind Mathur; Sastry V. Pappu

doi:10.1364/AO.29.005292

Applied Optics
Vol. 29,
Issue 35,
pp. 5292-5297
(1990)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.29.005292

Dichromated gelatin holograms: an investigation of their environmental stability

Goureesh M. Naik, Arvind Mathur, and Sastry V. Pappu

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Goureesh M. Naik, Arvind Mathur, and Sastry V. Pappu, "Dichromated gelatin holograms: an investigation of their environmental stability," Appl. Opt. 29, 5292-5297 (1990)

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Abstract

An investigation of the stability of the diffraction efficiency of dichromated gelatin (DCG) holograms has been carried out paying specific attention to coated and baked holograms that are subsequently exposed to high humidity (RH > 60%) environment. The investigation has revealed that (a) the environmental stability of DCG holograms can be considerably improved either by coating or baking; (b) the DCG holograms can be used at temperatures well-above room temperature (for example, as high as 175°C) without showing undue detrimental effects regarding their efficiency; and (c) the diffraction efficiency of uncoated and baked holograms can be restored by reprocessing whereas such a thing becomes impossible in coated holograms.

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Step	Description	Temperature (°C)	Relative Humidity	Time
(1)	Preparation of gelatin plates
	(i) Soak 3% wt/vol of gelatin into deionized water	25	—	2 min
	(ii) Heat the suspension in a thermostated water bath with stirring.	50	—	10 min
	(iii) Add 0.5% (weight of gelatin) ammonium dichromate to the suspension while stirring.	50	—	10 min
	(iv) Filter the solution using a fast filter paper Whatman 31	—	—	—
	(v) Pipette out 1 ml of the above solution and put inside a glass ring of 40-mm in. di. that is made to rest on an optical quality glass plate.	—	—	—
	(vi) Remove glass ring and dry the coated plates	25	30–40%	12 h
	(vii) Soak plates in Kodak fixer with hardener	25	—	10 min
	(viii) Wash in deionized water	25	—	20 min
	(ix) Dip plates in Kodak photoflow 600 (diluted 1:200) bath	25	—	15 s
	(x) Dry plates in a sealed box with desiccant	25	30–40%	12 h
	(xi) Bake the plates in a thermostated oven	150	—	2 h
	(xii) Store plates in a low humidity environment	25	30–40%	—
(2)	Sensitization
	(i) Soak the above plates in 5% wt/vol ammonium dichromate	25	—	5 min
	(ii) Dry the plates in a desiccator box by keeping them in an inclined position	25	30–40%	8 h
(3)	Exposure
	(i) Expose the plates to green light λ = 514 nm from argon-ion laser to an energy density of 195 mJ/cm² (diameter of the exposed area is 15 mm)
(4)	Development
	(i) Soak the plates in 0.5% wt/vol ammonium dichromate solution	25	—	2 min
	(ii) Soak the plates in Kodak rapid fixer	25	—	2 min
	(iii) Wash the plates in running tap water	25	—	10 min
	(iv) Dehydrate in 50% isopropyl alcohol	25	—	2 min
	(v) Dehydrate in 75% isopropyl alcohol	25	—	2 min
	(vi) Dehydrate in 100% isopropyl alcohol	25	—	2 min
	(vii) Dry holograms with flowing hot air	—	—	2 min

Physical property	PMMA	Polystyrene	Polycarbonate	Allyl diglycol carbonate
Density (g/cm³)	1.19	1.10	1.20	1.32
Refractive index (20°C)	1.492	1.54–1.57	1.498	1.586
Optical transmittance (3 mm thick) (%)	92	88–92	80–90	—
Recommended maximum service temperature (°C)	92	82	124	60–70
Water absorption at 23°C for 24-h immersion (%)	0.3	0.2	0.15	0
Hardness for 6-mm sample	M97	M90	M70	—
Solvents	Benzene, xylene, chloroform	Benzene, xylene, chloroform	Xylene	—

Coating material	Thickness (μm)	Measured and normalized diffraction efficiency (%) as a function of time (h)

		T = 26°C	T = 24°C	T = 25°C	T = 24°C	T = 24°C	T = 26°C
		RH = 80%	RH = 80%	RH = 80%	RH = 80%	RH = 80%	RH = 80%

		0	6	11	21	41	81
Polystyrene (PS)	30	66.3	66.9	14.8	9.05	5.97	2.83
		(70)	(70.63)	(15.61)	(9.55)	(6.30)	(2.98)
	40	63.09	61.6	12.58	9.30	7.90	5.80
		(70)	(68.35)	(13.96)	(10.32)	(8.76)	(6.43)
	50	64.50	60.25	14.79	9.12	6.91	5.01
		(70)	(65.38)	(16.05)	(9.90)	(7.50)	(5.43)
	60	52.42	57.50	10.23	7.07	5.40	3.98
		(70)	(76.78)	(13.66)	(9.43)	(7.21)	(5.31)
	70	61.62	64.50	33.82	11.48	7.70	4.42
		(70)	(73.26)	(38.41)	(13.04)	(8.74)	(5.03)
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)	30	66	34.67	10.96	7.94	2.57	4.4
		(70)	(36.77)	(11.62)	(8.42)	(2.72)	(4.66)
	40	66	51.28	9.33	5.75	3.80	1.30
		(70)	(54.38)	(9.89)	(6.09)	(4.03)	(1.37)
	50	66.8	60.67	11.56	7.46	3.81	2.63
		(70)	(63.57)	(12.11)	(7.81)	(3.99)	(2.75)
	60	63.09	67.6	27.54	9.12	5.75	2.23
		(70)	(75)	(30.56)	(10.12)	(6.38)	(2.47)
	70	46.77	57.0	40.73	10.47	6.45	5.12
		(70)	(85.53)	(60.95)	(15.66)	(9.65)	(7.66)
PS + PMMA	20 + 40	52.48	42.65	6.45	3.71	2.81	2.23
		(70)	(66.88)	(8.60)	(4.94)	(3.75)	(2.97)
	30 + 30	34.67	20.81	18.93	14.79	10.0	3.16
		(70)	(42.01)	(38.23)	(29.86)	(20.19)	(6.38)
	20 + 30	63.09	61.65	35.48	38.01	5.75	3.16
		(70)	(68.40)	(39.36)	(42.17)	(6.38)	(3.50)
Uncoated	—	65.91	67.6	3.93	3.59	2.34	1.79
		(70)	(71.79)	(4.17)	(3.87)	(2.49)	(1.90)

Hologram no.	Measured diffraction efficiency		Baking Temp. °C	Measured and normalized diffraction efficiency (%) as a function of time (h)

	Newly prepared	Stored 24 h T = 23°C		T = 26°C	T = 23°C	T = 24°C	T = 22°C
	Newly prepared	Stored 24 h T = 23°C		RH = 47%	RH = 67%	RH = 68%	RH = 65.5%

	T = 22°C	RH = 38%	RH = 40%	0	6	12	18
1			75	18.19	3.33	1.67	1.39
				(70)	(12.32)	(6.18)	(5.14)
2			100	26.57	2.15	1.25	1.22
				(70)	(5.66)	(3.30)	(3.21)
3	42.75	51.28	125	49.09	4.93	4.20	3.11
				(70)	(7.03)	(6.00)	(4.44)
4	42.26	48.30	150	23.93	1.38	0.91	0.71
				(70)	(4.03)	(2.66)	(2.07)
5	68.07	64.41	Unbaked	64.41	2.10	1.97	1.51
				(70)	(2.28)	(2.14)	(1.64)

Type of hologram	Diffraction efficiency at the end of exposure to high humidity (%)	Diffraction efficiency after reprocessing (%)
Uncoated–unbaked	1.2	54.45
Baked at 75°C	1.1	6.91
Baked at 150°C	0.71	13.0
Polymer coated	1.31	0.0
40-μm polystyrene		(Fogging appeared)

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Applied Optics