Application of the intensified CCD to airglow and auroral measurements

A. L. Broadfoot; B. R. Sandel

doi:10.1364/AO.31.003097

Applied Optics
Vol. 31,
Issue 16,
pp. 3097-3108
(1992)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.31.003097

Application of the intensified CCD to airglow and auroral measurements

A. L. Broadfoot and B. R. Sandel

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A. L. Broadfoot and B. R. Sandel, "Application of the intensified CCD to airglow and auroral measurements," Appl. Opt. 31, 3097-3108 (1992)

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Abstract

New detector technology exemplified by advanced CCD and intensified CCD (ICCD) systems have important advantages for both spectrographic and imaging research. However, to realize the full potential of this new technology, we must consider the detector and the optical system as a whole. It is frequently not enough to simply substitute an ICCD for an earlier detector; rather, to achieve optimum results, the optics must be adapted to the specific detector. Properly designed airglow spectrographs based on the optics ICCD detector offer the advantages of high throughput over a broad spectral range, precise wavelength stability, low noise, and compactness. Imagers having the wide field and the high sensitivity needed for airglow research are practical as well.

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Parameter	Ebert–Fastie Monochromator	Array Detector (ICCD) Spectrograph
Focal length (F)	125 mm	125 mm
f-ratio (f)	5	5
Resolution	10 Å	10 Å
Grating	3600 lines/mm	530 lines/mm
Slit width (W)	0.45 mm	0.066 mma
Slit length (L)	12 mm	8.5 mm
Spectral element	3.3 Å/step	3.3 Å/pixel
Range	1900 Å	1900 Å
Elements per spectrum	576	576
Optical throughput (E) (monochromatic)	9.6	1
Optical throughput for full spectrum	1	60

Parameter	A E–F, 0.125-m Monochromatorb	B Jarrel-Ash E–F, 1 mc	C Fast E–F, 1 md	D ISO/Spacelab 1e	E Voyager UV Spectrographf	F AIS ICCD Spectrographg	G ICCD Spectrographh	H AIS CCD Spectrographi	I Photographic Spectrographj
Focal length, F (cm)	12.5	100	100	50	20	27.5	27.5	27.5	—
f-ratio, f	5	8.8	6.2	3.6	3.6	4.1	2.9	2.9	0.8
Slit width (cm)	0.010	0.077	0.14	0.011	0.030	0.005	0.006	0.004	—
Slit length (cm)	1.2	5.1	15.2	0.57	0.30	0.45	0.40	0.80	—
Transmission, τ	0.78	0.78	0.56	0.82	0.60	0.90	0.90	0.90	—
Dispersion efficiency, η(order)	0.60 (2)	0.50 (2)	0.40 (3)	0.50	0.70	0.35	0.35	0.35	—
Quantum efficiency, ∊	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.30	—
Spectral elements	1	1	1	190	128	4600	576	576	500
Photoevent rate, P(s⁻¹ R⁻¹)	1.68	14.8	93	1.50	2.19	0.22	1.3	2.25	—
Detector noise, s⁻¹	10	10	10	3.1 × 10⁻³	4.5 × 10⁻³	2.8 × 10⁻³	2.8 × 10⁻³	0.05	—
Sensitivity, Rayleigh s (R s)k	2.2	0.25	0.040	0.67	0.46	4.55	0.76	222	10⁴

Parameter	Ebert–Fastie Monochromator	Array Detector (ICCD) Spectrograph
Focal length (F)	125 mm	125 mm
f-ratio (f)	5	5
Resolution	10 Å	10 Å
Grating	3600 lines/mm	530 lines/mm
Slit width (W)	0.45 mm	0.066 mma
Slit length (L)	12 mm	8.5 mm
Spectral element	3.3 Å/step	3.3 Å/pixel
Range	1900 Å	1900 Å
Elements per spectrum	576	576
Optical throughput (E) (monochromatic)	9.6	1
Optical throughput for full spectrum	1	60

Parameter	A E–F, 0.125-m Monochromatorb	B Jarrel-Ash E–F, 1 mc	C Fast E–F, 1 md	D ISO/Spacelab 1e	E Voyager UV Spectrographf	F AIS ICCD Spectrographg	G ICCD Spectrographh	H AIS CCD Spectrographi	I Photographic Spectrographj
Focal length, F (cm)	12.5	100	100	50	20	27.5	27.5	27.5	—
f-ratio, f	5	8.8	6.2	3.6	3.6	4.1	2.9	2.9	0.8
Slit width (cm)	0.010	0.077	0.14	0.011	0.030	0.005	0.006	0.004	—
Slit length (cm)	1.2	5.1	15.2	0.57	0.30	0.45	0.40	0.80	—
Transmission, τ	0.78	0.78	0.56	0.82	0.60	0.90	0.90	0.90	—
Dispersion efficiency, η(order)	0.60 (2)	0.50 (2)	0.40 (3)	0.50	0.70	0.35	0.35	0.35	—
Quantum efficiency, ∊	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.30	—
Spectral elements	1	1	1	190	128	4600	576	576	500
Photoevent rate, P(s⁻¹ R⁻¹)	1.68	14.8	93	1.50	2.19	0.22	1.3	2.25	—
Detector noise, s⁻¹	10	10	10	3.1 × 10⁻³	4.5 × 10⁻³	2.8 × 10⁻³	2.8 × 10⁻³	0.05	—
Sensitivity, Rayleigh s (R s)k	2.2	0.25	0.040	0.67	0.46	4.55	0.76	222	10⁴

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