Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm

Howard R. Gordon; Menghua Wang

doi:10.1364/AO.33.000443

Applied Optics
Vol. 33,
Issue 3,
pp. 443-452
(1994)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.000443

Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm

Howard R. Gordon and Menghua Wang

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Howard R. Gordon and Menghua Wang, "Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm," Appl. Opt. 33, 443-452 (1994)

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Abstract

The second generation of ocean-color-analyzing instruments requires more accurate atmospheric correction than does the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), if one is to utilize fully their increased radiometric sensitivity. Unlike the CZCS, the new instruments possess bands in the near infrared (NIR) that are solely for aiding atmospheric correction. We show, using aerosol models, that certain assumptions regarding the spectral behavior of the aerosol reflectance employed in the standard CZCS correction algorithm are not valid over the spectral range encompassing both the visible and the NIR. Furthermore, we show that multiple-scattering effects on the algorithm depend significantly on the aerosol model. Following these observations, we propose an algorithm that utilizes the NIR bands for atmospheric correction to the required accuracy. Examples of the dependence of the error on the aerosol model, the turbidity of the atmosphere, and surface roughness (waves) are provided. The error in the retrieved phytoplankton-pigment concentration (the principal product of ocean-color sensors) induced by errors in the atmospheric correction are shown to be <20% in approximately 90% of the cases examined. Finally, the aerosol thickness (τ_a) is estimated through a simple extension of the correction algorithm. Simulations suggest that the error in the recovered value of τ_a should be ≲ 10%.

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Year
Author
Publication

W. A. Hovis, D. K. Clark, F. Anderson, R. W. Austin, W. H. Wilson, E. T. Baker, D. Ball, H. R. Gordon, J. L. Mueller, S. Y. E. Sayed, B. Strum, R. C. Wrigley, C. S. Yentsch, “Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner: system description and initial imagery,” Science 210, 60–63 (1980).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, J. L. Mueller, W. A. Hovis, “Phytoplankton pigments derived from the Nimbus–7 CZCS: initial comparisons with surface measurements,” Science 210, 63–66 (1980).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, A. Y. Morel, Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Interpretation of Satellite Visible Imagery: A Review (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983).
S. B. Hooker, W. E. Esaias, G. C. Feldman, W. W. Gregg, C. R. McClain, SeaWiFS Technical Report Series: Volume 1, An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color, NASA Tech. Memo. 104566 (NASA Greenbelt Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., July1992).
V. V. Salomonson, W. L. Barnes, P. W. Maymon, H. E. Montgomery, H. Ostrow, “MODIS: advanced facility instrument for studies of the earth as a system,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 27, 145–152 (1989).
[Crossref]
H. R. Gordon, “Radiative transfer: A technique for simulating the ocean in satellite remote-sensing calculations,” Appl. Opt. 15, 1974–1979 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, “Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans,” Appl. Opt. 17, 1631–1636 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 299–313 (1980).
[Crossref]
H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, J. W. Brown, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, W. W. Broenkow, “Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Middle Atlantic Bight: comparison between ship determinations and Coastal Zone Color Scanner estimates,” Appl. Opt. 22, 20–36 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Viollier, D. Tanre, P. Y. Deschamps, “An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 247–267 (1980).
[Crossref]
H. R. Gordon, D. J. Castano, “The Coastal Zone Color Scanner atmospheric correction algorithm: multiple scattering effects,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2111–2122 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, J. W. Brown, R. H. Evans, “Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner,” Appl. Opt. 27, 862–871 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, M. Wang, “Surface roughness considerations for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. 1: Rayleigh scattering component,” Appl. Opt. 31, 4247–4260 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, M. Wang, “Surface-roughness considerations for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. 2: Error in the retrieved water-leaving radiance,” Appl. Opt. 31, 4261–4267 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Y. Deschamps, M. Herman, D. Tanre, “Modeling of the atmospheric effects and its application to the remote sensing of ocean color,” Appl. Opt. 22, 3751–3758 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery,” Appl. Opt. 20, 4175–4180 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Bricaud, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery: use of a reflectance model,” Oceanologica Acta 7, 33–50 (1987).
J.-M. André, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery, revisited,” Oceanologica Acta 14, 3–22 (1991).
G. C. Feldman, N. Kuring, C. Ng, W. Esaias, C. R. McClain, J. Elrod, N. Maynard, D. Endres, R. Evans, J. Brown, S. Walsh, M. Carle, G. Podesta, “Ocean color: availability of the global data set,” EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 70, 634–641 (1989).
[Crossref]
E. P. Shettle, R. W. Fenn, Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties, Rep. AFGL-TR-79-0214, (U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1979).
F. X. Kenizys, E. P. Shettle, W. O. Gallery, J. H. Chetwynd, L. W. Abreu, J. E. A. Selby, S. A. Clough, R. W. Fenn, Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: The lowtran 6 Model, Rep. AFGL-TR-83-0187, NTIS AD A 137796 (U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1983).
P. J. Reddy, F. W. Kreiner, J. J. Deluisi, Y. Kim, “Aerosol optical depths over the Atlantic derived from shipboard sunphotometer observations during the 1988 Global Change Expedition,” Global Biogeochemic. Cycles 4, 225–240 (1990).
[Crossref]
M. Wang, H. R. Gordon, “Remote sensing of environment,” a simple, moderately accurate, atmospheric correction algorithm for SeaWiFS, (submitted to Remote Sensing Environ.).
M. Wang, “Atmospheric correction of the second generation ocean color sensors,” Ph.D. dissertation (University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., 1991).
C. Junge, “Atmospheric chemistry,” Adv. Geophys. 4, 1–108 (1958).
[Crossref]
H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]
R. J. Charlson, S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley, J. E. Hansen, D. J. Hofmann, “Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols,” Science 255, 423–430 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, S. G. Warren, “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo, and climate,” Nature (London) 326, 655–661 (1987).
[Crossref]
P. G. Falkowski, Y. Kim, Z. Kolber, C. Wilson, C. Wirick, R. Cess, “Natural versus anthropogenic factors affecting low-level cloud albedo over the North Atlantic,” Science 256, 1311–1313 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Griggs, “Measurements of the aerosol optical thickness over water using ERTS-1 data,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 25, 622–626 (1975).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Mekler, H. Quenzel, G. Ohring, I. Marcus, “Relative atmospheric aerosol content from ERTS observations,” J. Geophys. Res. 82, 967–970 (1977).
[Crossref]
M. Griggs, AVHRR Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols Over Oceans, NOAA Final Rep. contract M0–A01–78–00–4092 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., November1981).
M. Griggs, Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Aerosols, NASA Contractor Rep. 3459 (NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., August1981).
M. Griggs, AVHRR Aerosol Ground Truth Experiment, Final Rep. contract NA–83–SAC–00106 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., January1984).
R. S. Fraser, “Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 15, 2471–2479 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Koepke, H. Quenzel, “Turbidity of the atmosphere determined from satellite: calculation of optimum viewing geometry,” J. Geophys. Res. 84, 7847–7856 (1979).
[Crossref]
P. Koepke, H. Quenzel, “Turbidity of the atmosphere determined from satellite: calculation of optimum wavelength,” J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9801–9805 (1981).
[Crossref]
P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. V. Haar, “The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 4063–4072 (1986).
[Crossref]
C. R. N. Rao, L. L. Stowe, E. P. McClain, J. Sapper, “Development and application of aerosol remote sensing with AVHRR data from the NOAA satellites,” in Aerosols and Climate, P. Hobbs, M. P. McCormick, eds. (Deepak, Hampton, Va., 1988) pp. 69–80.
P. Koepke, “Effective reflectance of ocean whitecaps,” Appl. Opt. 23, 1816–1824 (1984).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. C. Monahan, I. G. O’Muircheartaigh, “Whitecaps and the passive remote sensing of the ocean surface,” Int. J. Remote Sensing 7, 627–642 (1986).
[Crossref]
A. Mugnai, W. J. Wiscombe, “Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles. 3: Variability in angular scattering patterns,” Appl. Opt. 28, 3061–3073 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Wang, H. R. Gordon, “Retrieval of the columnar aerosol phase function and single-scattering albedo from sky radiance over the ocean: simulations,” Appl. Opt. 32, 4598–4609 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (1)

M. Wang, H. R. Gordon, “Retrieval of the columnar aerosol phase function and single-scattering albedo from sky radiance over the ocean: simulations,” Appl. Opt. 32, 4598–4609 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1992 (4)

H. R. Gordon, M. Wang, “Surface roughness considerations for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. 1: Rayleigh scattering component,” Appl. Opt. 31, 4247–4260 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, M. Wang, “Surface-roughness considerations for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. 2: Error in the retrieved water-leaving radiance,” Appl. Opt. 31, 4261–4267 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. J. Charlson, S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley, J. E. Hansen, D. J. Hofmann, “Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols,” Science 255, 423–430 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. G. Falkowski, Y. Kim, Z. Kolber, C. Wilson, C. Wirick, R. Cess, “Natural versus anthropogenic factors affecting low-level cloud albedo over the North Atlantic,” Science 256, 1311–1313 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

J.-M. André, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery, revisited,” Oceanologica Acta 14, 3–22 (1991).

1990 (1)

P. J. Reddy, F. W. Kreiner, J. J. Deluisi, Y. Kim, “Aerosol optical depths over the Atlantic derived from shipboard sunphotometer observations during the 1988 Global Change Expedition,” Global Biogeochemic. Cycles 4, 225–240 (1990).
[Crossref]

1989 (3)

A. Mugnai, W. J. Wiscombe, “Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles. 3: Variability in angular scattering patterns,” Appl. Opt. 28, 3061–3073 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. C. Feldman, N. Kuring, C. Ng, W. Esaias, C. R. McClain, J. Elrod, N. Maynard, D. Endres, R. Evans, J. Brown, S. Walsh, M. Carle, G. Podesta, “Ocean color: availability of the global data set,” EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 70, 634–641 (1989).
[Crossref]

V. V. Salomonson, W. L. Barnes, P. W. Maymon, H. E. Montgomery, H. Ostrow, “MODIS: advanced facility instrument for studies of the earth as a system,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 27, 145–152 (1989).
[Crossref]

1988 (2)

H. R. Gordon, J. W. Brown, R. H. Evans, “Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner,” Appl. Opt. 27, 862–871 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

1987 (3)

A. Bricaud, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery: use of a reflectance model,” Oceanologica Acta 7, 33–50 (1987).

R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, S. G. Warren, “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo, and climate,” Nature (London) 326, 655–661 (1987).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, D. J. Castano, “The Coastal Zone Color Scanner atmospheric correction algorithm: multiple scattering effects,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2111–2122 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1986 (2)

E. C. Monahan, I. G. O’Muircheartaigh, “Whitecaps and the passive remote sensing of the ocean surface,” Int. J. Remote Sensing 7, 627–642 (1986).
[Crossref]

P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. V. Haar, “The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 4063–4072 (1986).
[Crossref]

P. Koepke, H. Quenzel, “Turbidity of the atmosphere determined from satellite: calculation of optimum wavelength,” J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9801–9805 (1981).
[Crossref]

1980 (4)

M. Viollier, D. Tanre, P. Y. Deschamps, “An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 247–267 (1980).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 299–313 (1980).
[Crossref]

W. A. Hovis, D. K. Clark, F. Anderson, R. W. Austin, W. H. Wilson, E. T. Baker, D. Ball, H. R. Gordon, J. L. Mueller, S. Y. E. Sayed, B. Strum, R. C. Wrigley, C. S. Yentsch, “Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner: system description and initial imagery,” Science 210, 60–63 (1980).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, J. L. Mueller, W. A. Hovis, “Phytoplankton pigments derived from the Nimbus–7 CZCS: initial comparisons with surface measurements,” Science 210, 63–66 (1980).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1979 (1)

P. Koepke, H. Quenzel, “Turbidity of the atmosphere determined from satellite: calculation of optimum viewing geometry,” J. Geophys. Res. 84, 7847–7856 (1979).
[Crossref]

1978 (1)

H. R. Gordon, “Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans,” Appl. Opt. 17, 1631–1636 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

Y. Mekler, H. Quenzel, G. Ohring, I. Marcus, “Relative atmospheric aerosol content from ERTS observations,” J. Geophys. Res. 82, 967–970 (1977).
[Crossref]

1976 (2)

R. S. Fraser, “Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 15, 2471–2479 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, “Radiative transfer: A technique for simulating the ocean in satellite remote-sensing calculations,” Appl. Opt. 15, 1974–1979 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1975 (1)

M. Griggs, “Measurements of the aerosol optical thickness over water using ERTS-1 data,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 25, 622–626 (1975).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1958 (1)

C. Junge, “Atmospheric chemistry,” Adv. Geophys. 4, 1–108 (1958).
[Crossref]

Abreu, L. W.

F. X. Kenizys, E. P. Shettle, W. O. Gallery, J. H. Chetwynd, L. W. Abreu, J. E. A. Selby, S. A. Clough, R. W. Fenn, Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: The lowtran 6 Model, Rep. AFGL-TR-83-0187, NTIS AD A 137796 (U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1983).

Anderson, F.

André, J.-M.

J.-M. André, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery, revisited,” Oceanologica Acta 14, 3–22 (1991).

Andreae, M. O.

R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, S. G. Warren, “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo, and climate,” Nature (London) 326, 655–661 (1987).
[Crossref]

Austin, R. W.

Baker, E. T.

Baker, K. S.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

Ball, D.

Barnes, W. L.

Bricaud, A.

A. Bricaud, A. Morel, “Atmospheric corrections and interpretation of marine radiances in CZCS imagery: use of a reflectance model,” Oceanologica Acta 7, 33–50 (1987).

Broenkow, W. W.

Brown, J.

Brown, J. W.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, J. W. Brown, R. H. Evans, “Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner,” Appl. Opt. 27, 862–871 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brown, O. B.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

Carle, M.

Castano, D. J.

H. R. Gordon, D. J. Castano, “The Coastal Zone Color Scanner atmospheric correction algorithm: multiple scattering effects,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2111–2122 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cess, R.

Cess, R. D.

Charlson, R. J.

R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, S. G. Warren, “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo, and climate,” Nature (London) 326, 655–661 (1987).
[Crossref]

Chetwynd, J. H.

Clark, D. K.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery,” Appl. Opt. 20, 4175–4180 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 299–313 (1980).
[Crossref]

Clough, S. A.

Coakley, J. A.

Deluisi, J. J.

Deschamps, P. Y.

P. Y. Deschamps, M. Herman, D. Tanre, “Modeling of the atmospheric effects and its application to the remote sensing of ocean color,” Appl. Opt. 22, 3751–3758 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Viollier, D. Tanre, P. Y. Deschamps, “An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 247–267 (1980).
[Crossref]

Durkee, P. A.

P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. V. Haar, “The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 4063–4072 (1986).
[Crossref]

Elrod, J.

Endres, D.

Esaias, W.

Esaias, W. E.

S. B. Hooker, W. E. Esaias, G. C. Feldman, W. W. Gregg, C. R. McClain, SeaWiFS Technical Report Series: Volume 1, An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color, NASA Tech. Memo. 104566 (NASA Greenbelt Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., July1992).

Evans, R.

Evans, R. H.

H. R. Gordon, J. W. Brown, R. H. Evans, “Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner,” Appl. Opt. 27, 862–871 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

Falkowski, P. G.

Feldman, G. C.

Fenn, R. W.

E. P. Shettle, R. W. Fenn, Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties, Rep. AFGL-TR-79-0214, (U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1979).

Fraser, R. S.

R. S. Fraser, “Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere,” Appl. Opt. 15, 2471–2479 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gallery, W. O.

Gordon, H. R.

H. R. Gordon, J. W. Brown, R. H. Evans, “Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus 7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner,” Appl. Opt. 27, 862–871 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, D. K. Clark, “A semi-analytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, D. J. Castano, “The Coastal Zone Color Scanner atmospheric correction algorithm: multiple scattering effects,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2111–2122 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery,” Appl. Opt. 20, 4175–4180 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, D. K. Clark, “Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 299–313 (1980).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, “Removal of atmospheric effects from satellite imagery of the oceans,” Appl. Opt. 17, 1631–1636 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, “Radiative transfer: A technique for simulating the ocean in satellite remote-sensing calculations,” Appl. Opt. 15, 1974–1979 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. R. Gordon, A. Y. Morel, Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Interpretation of Satellite Visible Imagery: A Review (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983).

M. Wang, H. R. Gordon, “Remote sensing of environment,” a simple, moderately accurate, atmospheric correction algorithm for SeaWiFS, (submitted to Remote Sensing Environ.).

Gregg, W. W.

Griggs, M.

M. Griggs, “Measurements of the aerosol optical thickness over water using ERTS-1 data,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 25, 622–626 (1975).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Griggs, AVHRR Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosols Over Oceans, NOAA Final Rep. contract M0–A01–78–00–4092 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., November1981).

M. Griggs, Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Aerosols, NASA Contractor Rep. 3459 (NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., August1981).

M. Griggs, AVHRR Aerosol Ground Truth Experiment, Final Rep. contract NA–83–SAC–00106 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., January1984).

Haar, T. H. V.

P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. V. Haar, “The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 4063–4072 (1986).
[Crossref]

Hales, J. M.

Hansen, J. E.

Herman, M.

P. Y. Deschamps, M. Herman, D. Tanre, “Modeling of the atmospheric effects and its application to the remote sensing of ocean color,” Appl. Opt. 22, 3751–3758 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hindman, E. E.

P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. V. Haar, “The relationship between marine aerosol particles and satellite-detected radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91D, 4063–4072 (1986).
[Crossref]

Hofmann, D. J.

Hooker, S. B.

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Science (4)

Other (10)

M. Wang, H. R. Gordon, “Remote sensing of environment,” a simple, moderately accurate, atmospheric correction algorithm for SeaWiFS, (submitted to Remote Sensing Environ.).

M. Wang, “Atmospheric correction of the second generation ocean color sensors,” Ph.D. dissertation (University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., 1991).

M. Griggs, Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Aerosols, NASA Contractor Rep. 3459 (NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., August1981).

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Fig. 1 ɛ(λ, 865) as a function of λ for viewing at the edge and the center of the SeaWiFS scan with θ₀ = 60° for the maritime, coastal, and tropospheric aerosol models. For each model, the RH values are 70%, 90%, and 98% from the upper to the lower curves. (b) Same as (a) but plotted in log–log format.

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Fig. 2 ρ _a (λ) + ρ _ra (λ) as a function of ρ _as (λ) at the edge of the SeaWiFS. Upper solid curve is for the tropospheric model with RH = 70%; lower solid curve is for the maritime model with RH = 98%; and the dotted curve is the single-scattering result: (a) is for λ = 443 nm and θ₀ = 60°; (b) is for λ = 865 nm and θ₀ = 60°.

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Fig. 3 Error in retrieved t(443)ρ _w (443) as a function of the solar zenith angle; RH = 80%; τ _a (865) = 0.2: maritime aerosol with viewing at (a) the center and (b) the edge of the scan; coastal aerosol with viewing at (c) the center and (d) the edge of the scan; and tropospheric aerosol with (e) the center and (f) the edge of the scan.

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Fig. 4 Examples of the performance of the proposed algorithm at (a) the scan center and (b) the scan edge for a maritime aerosol when τ _a (865) is increased from 0.2 (circles) to 0.4 (squares), and when τ _a (865) = 0.2 but the surface is roughened by a 7.5 m/s wind (triangles), which is ignored in the operation of the algorithm.

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Tables (5)

Table 1 SeaWiFS Performance for θ₀ = 60° at the Scan Edge

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Table 2 [L _w (⊑)] _N for Two Pigment Concentrations

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Table 3 Error in Retrieved τ _a (865)a

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Table 4 Error in Retrieved τ _a (865)a

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Table 5 Value of τ _a (865) Required for Saturation of SeaWIFS at 865 nm

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Equations (15)

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ρ = π L / F_{0} cos θ_{0},

ρ_{t} (λ) = ρ_{r} (λ) + ρ_{a} (λ) + ρ_{r a} (λ) + ρ_{g} (λ) + t ρ_{w} (λ),

ρ_{t} (λ) = ρ_{r} (λ) + ρ_{a s} (λ) + t ρ_{w} (λ),

\begin{array}{l} ρ_{a s} (λ) = ω_{a} (λ) τ_{a} (λ) p_{a} (θ, θ_{0}, λ) / 4 cos θ cos θ_{0}, \\ p_{a} (θ, θ_{0}, λ) = P_{a} (θ_{-}, λ) + [r (θ) + r (θ_{0})] P_{a} (θ_{+}, λ), \\ cos θ_{\pm} = \pm cos θ_{0} cos θ - sin θ_{0} sin θ cos (ϕ - ϕ_{0}), \end{array}

ɛ (λ_{i}, λ_{j}) \equiv \frac{ρ_{a s} (λ_{i})}{ρ_{a s} (λ_{j})} = \frac{ω_{a} (λ_{i}) τ_{a} (λ_{i}) p_{a} (θ, θ_{0}, λ_{i})}{ω_{a} (λ_{j}) τ_{a} (λ_{j}) p_{a} (θ, θ_{0}, λ_{j})} .

ɛ (λ, λ_{4}) = {(\frac{λ_{4}}{λ})}^{n} .

t = exp [- τ_{r} / 2 + τ_{Oz}) / cos θ],

Δ ɛ (λ, 865) ρ_{a s} (865) = t (λ) Δ ρ_{w} (λ) .

Δ ɛ (443, 865) \approx \pm \frac{0.001}{ρ_{a s} (865)} .

Δ ɛ (443, 865) ≲ \pm \frac{0.015}{τ_{a} (865)}

ɛ (765, 865) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} ɛ_{i} (765, 865) .

\begin{array}{l} t ρ_{w} (λ) = ρ_{t} (λ) - ρ_{r} (λ) - [ρ_{a} (λ) + ρ_{r a} (λ)], \\ ρ_{t} (765) - ρ_{r} (765) and ρ_{t} (865) - ρ_{r} (865) \overset{N Models}{\to} ɛ (765, 865) \to 2 Models, \\ ɛ (765, 865) \overset{2 Models}{\to} ɛ (λ, 865), \\ ρ_{a s} (865) \overset{ɛ (λ, 865)}{\to} ρ_{a s} (λ), \\ ρ_{a s} (λ) \overset{2 Models}{\to} ρ_{a} (λ) + ρ_{r a} (λ) . \end{array}

{log}_{10} 3.33 C = - 1.2 {log}_{10} r_{L} + 0.5 {({log}_{10} r_{L})}^{2} - 2.8 {({log}_{10} r_{L})}^{3},

r_{L} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{{[L_{w} (443)]}_{N}}{{[L_{w} (550)]}_{N}},

t L_{w} (λ) = {[L_{w} (λ)]}_{N} cos θ_{0} \times exp [- (\frac{τ_{r}}{2} + τ_{O z}) (\frac{1}{cos θ_{0}} + \frac{1}{cos θ})] .

Band	λ (nm)	ρ_max	ρ _w	ρ _t	NEΔρa
1	402–422	0.50	0.040	0.34	0.00068
2	433–453	0.46	0.038	0.29	0.00043
3	480–500	0.36	0.024	0.23	0.00034
4	500–520	0.30	0.0096	0.19	0.00031
5	545–565	0.25	0.0040	0.154	0.00027
6	660–680	0.17	0.0004	0.105	0.00023
7	745–785	0.15	—b	0.081	0.00018
8	845–885	0.13	—b	0.069	0.00015

	[L _w (λ)] _N b

Ca	(λ = 443)	(λ = 550)
0.10	1.65	0.37
0.91	0.34	0.34

		Error (%) in τ _a (865)

Position	θ₀	Maritime	Coastal	Tropospheric
Center	20°	+10.9	−4.74	+2.02
	40°	−2.96	−5.04	+0.62
	60°	−0.31	−4.57	+0.94
Edge	0°	−1.36	−2.69	+0.43
	20°	−1.39	−3.73	+0.13
	40°	−1.75	−5.45	−0.29
	60°	−0.92	−5.74	+0.65

		Error (%) in τ _a (865)

Position	θ₀	Maritime	Coastal	Tropospheric
Center	20°	+9.99	−6.40	+1.01
	40°	−1.82	−6.36	+1.00
	60°	+0.83	−3.63	+1.32
Edge	0°	−0.52	−2.45	+0.99
	20°	−0.24	−2.99	+0.93
	40°	+0.03	−3.77	+0.90
	60°	+0.85	−3.95	+1.37

		Maximum Value of τ _a (865)

Position	θ₀	Maritimea	Troposphericb
Center	20°	0.72	0.54
	40°	1.04	0.72
	60°	1.69	0.80
Edge	0°	0.88	0.51
	20°	0.98	0.51
	40°	1.04	0.50
	60°	1.02	0.50

Abstract

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