Substrate-mode holograms used in optical interconnects: design issues

Jang-Hun Yeh; Raymond K. Kostuk

doi:10.1364/AO.34.003152

Applied Optics
Vol. 34,
Issue 17,
pp. 3152-3164
(1995)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.34.003152

Substrate-mode holograms used in optical interconnects: design issues

Jang-Hun Yeh and Raymond K. Kostuk

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Jang-Hun Yeh and Raymond K. Kostuk, "Substrate-mode holograms used in optical interconnects: design issues," Appl. Opt. 34, 3152-3164 (1995)

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Abstract

We discuss a number of design issues that affect the performance tolerances of substrate-mode holograms used for optical interconnect systems. We examine the effects of emulsion uniformity, thickness variation, and index variation on the ability to determine the Bragg angle and the diffraction angle within the substrate accurately. The environmental stability with respect to temperature, laser irradiance, and humidity are considered. Experimental results are presented for substrate-mode holograms fabricated in spin-coated dichromated-gelatin emulsions. The coupling properties for a 1 × 2 multiplexed substrate-mode hologram with two superimposed gratings are also described.

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Parameters	Design Parameters	Definitions
λ_c, λ_r	λ_c = 488 nm, λ_r = 670 nm	Optical wavelength
n_c, n_r	n_c = 1.59, n_r = 1.41	Refractive index of emulsion
θ_c₁, θ_c₂	θ_c₁ = 14.75°, θ_c₂ = 79.25°	Construction angles in air
θ_r₁, θ_r₂	θ_r₁ = 0°, θ_r₂ = 46.2°	Reconstruction angles in emulsion
Λ_c, Λ_r	Λ_c = 0.614 μm, Λ_r = 0.606 μm	Grating period Λ = 2π/K
ϕ_c, ϕ_r	ϕ_c = −66.3°, ϕ_r = −66.9°	Grating angle between K and z axis
T_c, T_r	T_c = 8.29 ± 0.15^a μm, T_r = 8.74 ± 0.22^a μm	Emulsion thickness
D	D = 2.3 mm	Substrate thickness
n_s	n_s = 1.51^b	Refractive index of substrate
θ_s	θ_s = 42.4^b	Diffraction angle in substrate

(1)	Agitate the plates in Kodak fixer (3.25% hardener and 1% Photo-Flo 200; 100-ml fixer A + 13-ml fixer B + distilled water = 400 ml) for 3 min.
(2)	Agitate the plates in 25 °C distilled water for 30 s.
(3)	Agitate the plates in a 65 °C solution of 50% isopropyl alcohol and 50% distilled water for 30 s.
(4)	Agitate the plates in 65 °C and 100% isopropyl alcohol for 1 min.
(5)	Bake the plates at 90 °C for 20 min.
(6)	Seal the holograms with optical cement and a thin cover glass (~0.3 mm thick)
(7)	Cure the optical cement under UV light for 20 min.

Parameters	Design Parameters	Definitions
λ_c, λ_r	λ_c = 488 nm, λ_r = 670 nm	Optical wavelength
n_c, n_r	n_c = 1.59, n_r = 1.41	Refractive index of emulsion
θ_c₁, θ_c₂	θ_c₁ = 14.75°, θ_c₂ = 79.25°	Construction angles in air
θ_r₁, θ_r₂	θ_r₁ = 0°, θ_r₂ = 46.2°	Reconstruction angles in emulsion
Λ_c, Λ_r	Λ_c = 0.614 μm, Λ_r = 0.606 μm	Grating period Λ = 2π/K
ϕ_c, ϕ_r	ϕ_c = −66.3°, ϕ_r = −66.9°	Grating angle between K and z axis
T_c, T_r	T_c = 8.29 ± 0.15^a μm, T_r = 8.74 ± 0.22^a μm	Emulsion thickness
D	D = 2.3 mm	Substrate thickness
n_s	n_s = 1.51^b	Refractive index of substrate
θ_s	θ_s = 42.4^b	Diffraction angle in substrate

(1)	Agitate the plates in Kodak fixer (3.25% hardener and 1% Photo-Flo 200; 100-ml fixer A + 13-ml fixer B + distilled water = 400 ml) for 3 min.
(2)	Agitate the plates in 25 °C distilled water for 30 s.
(3)	Agitate the plates in a 65 °C solution of 50% isopropyl alcohol and 50% distilled water for 30 s.
(4)	Agitate the plates in 65 °C and 100% isopropyl alcohol for 1 min.
(5)	Bake the plates at 90 °C for 20 min.
(6)	Seal the holograms with optical cement and a thin cover glass (~0.3 mm thick)
(7)	Cure the optical cement under UV light for 20 min.

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