Analysis of a potassium lidar system for upper-atmospheric wind–temperature measurements

George C. Papen; Chester S. Gardner; W. Matthew Pfenninger

doi:10.1364/AO.34.006950

Applied Optics
Vol. 34,
Issue 30,
pp. 6950-6958
(1995)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.34.006950

Analysis of a potassium lidar system for upper-atmospheric wind–temperature measurements

George C. Papen, Chester S. Gardner, and W. Matthew Pfenninger

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George C. Papen, Chester S. Gardner, and W. Matthew Pfenninger, "Analysis of a potassium lidar system for upper-atmospheric wind–temperature measurements," Appl. Opt. 34, 6950-6958 (1995)

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Abstract

We report a detailed analysis of wind–temperature (W/T) lidar systems based on mesospheric potassium as the tracer. Currently, most narrow-band W/T systems use sodium (Na) as the tracer because of its relatively large natural abundance, large cross section, and the ability to use Doppler-free Na spectroscopy to generate accurate absolute frequency markers. We show that a potassium-based system with existing near-infrared solid-state laser technology operating at the potassium D lines has the potential to make W/T measurements that are more accurate than current Na narrow-band systems and can be far simpler technically.

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Frequency (MHz)	Approximate Analytical Form		Approximate Value		Exact Value

	Q _T	Q _W	Q _T	Q _W	Q _T	Q _W
506	1.57 T	0.825λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	308	226	740	203
567	1.32 T	0.836λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	265	232	506	199
780	1.063 T	1.063λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	213	292	286	251
813	1.068 T	1.13λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	214	313	284	271

Frequency (MHz) [Cross Section(10⁻¹⁶ m⁻²)]	Na	KD₁	KD₂
f _a (σ _fa )	−624 (9.53)
f _c (σ _fc )	232 (2.66)	35 (10.5)	35 (19.4)
f ₊(σ _f ₊)	−24 (4.24)	790 (0.86)	780 (1.76)
f ₋(σ _f ₋)	−1224 (4.27)	−720 (1.43)	−710 (2.24)
Ratioa
R _T	0.28	0.22	0.21
R _W	0.99	0.60	0.78
Sensitivityb
S _T	0.84	0.76	0.81
S _W	0.85	1.85	1.9
∂T/∂ν _g	0.14	0.055	0.057
∂ν _R /∂T	0.13	0.0009	0.0005
Signal levelc
Counts @ f _a (f _c ) for ΔT = 1 K	64,200	95,400	89,500
Counts @ f ₀ for Δν _R = 1 m/s	27,800	7800	6400
Equivalent counts @ f _a (f _c ) for Δν _R = 1 m/s	62,300	56,700	55,200
Comparisond		K D₁/Na	K D₂/Na
Relative return counts (%)		55	100
Relative temperature performance (%)		37	71
Relative wind performance (%)		60	113

Frequency (MHz)	Approximate Analytical Form		Approximate Value		Exact Value

	Q _T	Q _W	Q _T	Q _W	Q _T	Q _W
506	1.57 T	0.825λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	308	226	740	203
567	1.32 T	0.836λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	265	232	506	199
780	1.063 T	1.063λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	213	292	286	251
813	1.068 T	1.13λ ${\hat{σ}}_{D}$	214	313	284	271

Frequency (MHz) [Cross Section(10⁻¹⁶ m⁻²)]	Na	KD₁	KD₂
f _a (σ _fa )	−624 (9.53)
f _c (σ _fc )	232 (2.66)	35 (10.5)	35 (19.4)
f ₊(σ _f ₊)	−24 (4.24)	790 (0.86)	780 (1.76)
f ₋(σ _f ₋)	−1224 (4.27)	−720 (1.43)	−710 (2.24)
Ratioa
R _T	0.28	0.22	0.21
R _W	0.99	0.60	0.78
Sensitivityb
S _T	0.84	0.76	0.81
S _W	0.85	1.85	1.9
∂T/∂ν _g	0.14	0.055	0.057
∂ν _R /∂T	0.13	0.0009	0.0005
Signal levelc
Counts @ f _a (f _c ) for ΔT = 1 K	64,200	95,400	89,500
Counts @ f ₀ for Δν _R = 1 m/s	27,800	7800	6400
Equivalent counts @ f _a (f _c ) for Δν _R = 1 m/s	62,300	56,700	55,200
Comparisond		K D₁/Na	K D₂/Na
Relative return counts (%)		55	100
Relative temperature performance (%)		37	71
Relative wind performance (%)		60	113

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Applied Optics