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Fabrication of N-level binary optical elements by use of M mask patterns with N in the range of 2 M-1 + 1 ≤ N ≤ 2 M

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Abstract

Diffraction characteristics of N-level (5 ≤ N ≤ 8) binary gratings fabricated by repetition of three sets of photolithography and dry-etching processes have been investigated. After presentation of the general algorithm to determine a mask pattern and etching depth combination used in each fabrication process, all the methods for creating staircase structures with N = 5, 6, 7, 8 are derived. Then the diffraction efficiency achievable for the different level numbers, with the existence of mask alignment errors and for a fixed grating period, is compared, and it is found that an eight-level structure does not always give the best value.

© 1998 Optical Society of America

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