Halo observations provide evidence of airborne cubic ice in the Earth’s atmosphere

Marko Riikonen; Mika Sillanpää; Leena Virta; Daniel Sullivan; Jarmo Moilanen; Ismo Luukkonen

doi:10.1364/AO.39.006080

Applied Optics
Vol. 39,
Issue 33,
pp. 6080-6085
(2000)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.006080

Halo observations provide evidence of airborne cubic ice in the Earth’s atmosphere

Marko Riikonen, Mika Sillanpää, Leena Virta, Daniel Sullivan, Jarmo Moilanen, and Ismo Luukkonen

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Marko Riikonen, Mika Sillanpää, Leena Virta, Daniel Sullivan, Jarmo Moilanen, and Ismo Luukkonen, "Halo observations provide evidence of airborne cubic ice in the Earth’s atmosphere," Appl. Opt. 39, 6080-6085 (2000)

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Abstract

An ice crystal halo display that contains several previously unknown halo phenomena was observed in Northern Chile. Analysis of computer simulations of the halos demonstrates that most of the new halo arcs in the display can be explained by the presence of airborne and preferentially oriented crystals of cubic ice. These observations therefore provide evidence of the existence of the cubic phase of ice in the Earth’s atmosphere.

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Population	H-I	H-II	C-I	C-II	C-III
Number of rays	3500 (2000)	2500 (3000)	5000 (2000)	4500 (2000)	2000
c-axis angle/var.(°)	0/3 (0/3.4)	0/25 (0/30)	54.75/14	Random	0/15
Rotation around c-axis average/var.(°)	Random	Random	0/2.6	Random	0/5
Trunc./var for faces 13 … 8	0.81/0.2 (0.81/0.05)	0.1/0.1	0.4/0.2 (0.3/0.2)	0/0.05	0.05/0.05
Trunc./var for faces 23 … 8	0.2/0.2 (0.18/0.05)	0.1/0.1	0/0.2	0/0.05	0.05/0.05

Population	Halo Type	Ray Path(s)
H-I	18° parhelia (18P)	13–25
	20° upper parhelion (20UP)	13–16
	20° lower parhelion (20LP)	23–26
	23° upper parhelion (23UP)	1–23
	23° lower parhelion (23LP)*	13–2
	35° upper parhelion (35UP)	13–15
	35° lower parhelion (35LP)	23–25
H-II	18° halo (18H)	13–25
	20° halo (20H)	13–16
C-I	28Ca*	13–15, 13–24
	28Cb*	14–25, 23–25
	28Cc*	14–16, 16–23, 23–14
	28Cd*	26–24, 24–15, 15–26
	19Ca*	1–26
	19Cb*	1–23, 23–1
	19Cc*	1–25
C-II	28° halo (28H)*	13–15, 13–24
C-III	28Ce*	13–15

Population	H-I	H-II	C-I	C-II	C-III
Number of rays	3500 (2000)	2500 (3000)	5000 (2000)	4500 (2000)	2000
c-axis angle/var.(°)	0/3 (0/3.4)	0/25 (0/30)	54.75/14	Random	0/15
Rotation around c-axis average/var.(°)	Random	Random	0/2.6	Random	0/5
Trunc./var for faces 13 … 8	0.81/0.2 (0.81/0.05)	0.1/0.1	0.4/0.2 (0.3/0.2)	0/0.05	0.05/0.05
Trunc./var for faces 23 … 8	0.2/0.2 (0.18/0.05)	0.1/0.1	0/0.2	0/0.05	0.05/0.05

Population	Halo Type	Ray Path(s)
H-I	18° parhelia (18P)	13–25
	20° upper parhelion (20UP)	13–16
	20° lower parhelion (20LP)	23–26
	23° upper parhelion (23UP)	1–23
	23° lower parhelion (23LP)*	13–2
	35° upper parhelion (35UP)	13–15
	35° lower parhelion (35LP)	23–25
H-II	18° halo (18H)	13–25
	20° halo (20H)	13–16
C-I	28Ca*	13–15, 13–24
	28Cb*	14–25, 23–25
	28Cc*	14–16, 16–23, 23–14
	28Cd*	26–24, 24–15, 15–26
	19Ca*	1–26
	19Cb*	1–23, 23–1
	19Cc*	1–25
C-II	28° halo (28H)*	13–15, 13–24
C-III	28Ce*	13–15

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