The Apparent Dependence of Terrestrial Scintillation Intensity upon Atmospheric Humidity

Hugh R. Carlon

doi:10.1364/AO.4.001089

Applied Optics
Vol. 4,
Issue 9,
pp. 1089-1097
(1965)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.4.001089

The Apparent Dependence of Terrestrial Scintillation Intensity upon Atmospheric Humidity

Hugh R. Carlon

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Hugh R. Carlon, "The Apparent Dependence of Terrestrial Scintillation Intensity upon Atmospheric Humidity," Appl. Opt. 4, 1089-1097 (1965)

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Abstract

Observations have indicated that terrestrial scintillation intensity increases with increasing relative humidity. A theory is developed to supplement air refractive and diffractive treatments; the theory attributes this increased modulation intensity to water droplets formed either gradually or instantaneously for relative humidities of about 70% or more. Modulation at the visible wavelengths is attributed to scattering, while far infrared wavelength modulation is thought to be caused by spectral absorption. Limited experimental substantiation is offered. The opacity of the atmosphere at the far infrared wavelengths (10-μ region) under high-humidity conditions, as compared to the lower-humidity case, is discussed. An empirical equation for the determination of the scintillation intensity index is presented, and conclusions are explained through the use of several graphs.

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Ratio: α1/αυ	Relative humidity (%)	Specific humidity (g/g)	Temperature (°C)	Atmospheric path (km)
2700	47	0.0019	2	5.5
8300	66	0.0030	3	5.5
7500	51	0.0062	18	5.5
9300	73	0.0147	26	5.5
2900	48	0.0025	5	16.3
4100	41	0.0033	12	16.3
8900	53	0.0078	21	16.3
4200	82	0.0143	23	16.3
3300	—	—	—	27.7
4200	100	0.0056	6	27.7

Trial no.	Test setup	T_G (°C)	%RH@T_G	dT (°C)	% Modulation of 12.7-cm beam	Specific humidity (g/g)
1	A	39	28	9	0.35	0.0127
2	A	35	32	5	a	0.0112
3	A	32	38	2	a	0.0110
4	A	41	23	11	0.35	0.0116
5	A	44	23	14	0.6	0.0136
6	A	51	19	21	0.3	0.0160
7	A	52	15	22	0.4	increasing
8	A	66	9	36	0.4	increasing
9	B	31	70	1	a	0.0195
10	B	32	68	2	0.3	0.0197
11	B	37	86	7	0.85	0.0346
12	B	41	90	11	2.5	0.0453
13	B	41	100	11	3.2	0.0486
14	C	35	6	3	a
15	C	43	5	8	a
16	C	48	5	9	a
17	C	54	5	14	a
18	C	58	4.5	15	a
19	C	75	4	28	a
20	C	64	4.5	17	a
21	C	58	4.5	12	a
22	C	56	10	12	a
23	C	57	17.5	12	a
24	C	64	16	12	a
25	C	62	26	12	a
26	C	34	41	0	a
27	C	46	50	6	0.4
28	C	48	36	8	0.4
29	C	38	58	2	0.25
30	C	48	51	7	0.4
31	C	53	46	9	0.25
32	C	60	56	11	0.4
33	C	64	55	13	0.25
34	C	67	60	18	0.3
35	C	52	76	9	a
36	C	44	84	3	a
37	C	41	90	2	0.3
38	C	50	90	11	0.4
39	C	62	78	21	0.25
40	C	67	60	18	0.45
41	C	65	63	15	0.55
42	C	82	66	31	0.3
43	C	65	72	16	0.4
44	C	58	79	12	0.3
45	C	52	84	9	a
46	C	46	81	4	a
47	C	27	97	0	a
48	C	44	96	14	0.5
49	C	64	82	28	1.0
50	C	60	83	23	0.6
51	C	55	78	17	0.9

Ratio: α1/αυ	Relative humidity (%)	Specific humidity (g/g)	Temperature (°C)	Atmospheric path (km)
2700	47	0.0019	2	5.5
8300	66	0.0030	3	5.5
7500	51	0.0062	18	5.5
9300	73	0.0147	26	5.5
2900	48	0.0025	5	16.3
4100	41	0.0033	12	16.3
8900	53	0.0078	21	16.3
4200	82	0.0143	23	16.3
3300	—	—	—	27.7
4200	100	0.0056	6	27.7

Trial no.	Test setup	T_G (°C)	%RH@T_G	dT (°C)	% Modulation of 12.7-cm beam	Specific humidity (g/g)
1	A	39	28	9	0.35	0.0127
2	A	35	32	5	a	0.0112
3	A	32	38	2	a	0.0110
4	A	41	23	11	0.35	0.0116
5	A	44	23	14	0.6	0.0136
6	A	51	19	21	0.3	0.0160
7	A	52	15	22	0.4	increasing
8	A	66	9	36	0.4	increasing
9	B	31	70	1	a	0.0195
10	B	32	68	2	0.3	0.0197
11	B	37	86	7	0.85	0.0346
12	B	41	90	11	2.5	0.0453
13	B	41	100	11	3.2	0.0486
14	C	35	6	3	a
15	C	43	5	8	a
16	C	48	5	9	a
17	C	54	5	14	a
18	C	58	4.5	15	a
19	C	75	4	28	a
20	C	64	4.5	17	a
21	C	58	4.5	12	a
22	C	56	10	12	a
23	C	57	17.5	12	a
24	C	64	16	12	a
25	C	62	26	12	a
26	C	34	41	0	a
27	C	46	50	6	0.4
28	C	48	36	8	0.4
29	C	38	58	2	0.25
30	C	48	51	7	0.4
31	C	53	46	9	0.25
32	C	60	56	11	0.4
33	C	64	55	13	0.25
34	C	67	60	18	0.3
35	C	52	76	9	a
36	C	44	84	3	a
37	C	41	90	2	0.3
38	C	50	90	11	0.4
39	C	62	78	21	0.25
40	C	67	60	18	0.45
41	C	65	63	15	0.55
42	C	82	66	31	0.3
43	C	65	72	16	0.4
44	C	58	79	12	0.3
45	C	52	84	9	a
46	C	46	81	4	a
47	C	27	97	0	a
48	C	44	96	14	0.5
49	C	64	82	28	1.0
50	C	60	83	23	0.6
51	C	55	78	17	0.9

Abstract

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Applied Optics