Image Converter High-Speed Photography with 10<sup>−9</sup>–10<sup>−14</sup> sec Time Resolution

E. K. Zavoisky; S. D. Fanchenko

doi:10.1364/AO.4.001155

Applied Optics
Vol. 4,
Issue 9,
pp. 1155-1167
(1965)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.4.001155

Image Converter High-Speed Photography with 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁴ sec Time Resolution

E. K. Zavoisky and S. D. Fanchenko

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E. K. Zavoisky and S. D. Fanchenko, "Image Converter High-Speed Photography with 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁴ sec Time Resolution," Appl. Opt. 4, 1155-1167 (1965)

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Abstract

The rapid progress in image tube development during recent years has greatly extended the potentialitie of high-speed photography which surpassed even the highly refined oscilloscopic method in time resolution and was made able to record nonrepeated short-duration processes emitting few light quanta. The new situation in high-speed photography has arisen due to the advent of cascaded image converters which have the advantages of ultimate time resolution (down to 10⁻¹⁴ sec), ultimate light efficiency (single light quanta being easily recorded), and high signal-to-noise ratio due to information communication via images consisting of 10⁵–10⁶ resolved elements. The ultra high-speed photography technique using a fast electric field sweep of the electronic image in image converters is called the electron-optical chronography. It has been applied to study spark discharges and secondary emission electron pulses with experimental time resolutions of 10⁻¹²–10⁻¹³ sec, which greatly exceeded that of conventional streak cameras, Kerr cells, oscilloscopes, and coincidence circuits. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the fundamental time-resolution limitations of conventional short-time research instruments, to consider the ultimate performance limits of the electron-optical chronography, to describe special image tubes for short-time research, and to review their applications in experimental physics.

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	Image-handling stage	Signal time distortion causes	Physical time resolution
1.	Light-emitting physical event
2.	Light signal communication from event to the PM photocathode	Refractive index dispersion of the medium, optical system aberrations	τ_opt
3.	Transformation of light signal at the PM photocathode	Finite photocathode layer thickness	τ_PC ∼ 10⁻¹⁴ sec
4.	Electron flight and multiplication through the PM dynode system	Electron path length spread	τ_PM ≥ 10⁻¹⁰– 10⁻¹¹ sec
5.	Transformation of electron signal into voltage pulse	Capacitor charging	τ = RC_coll
6.	Voltage pulse communication through transmission lines	Finite transmission frequency bandwidth	$τ = \frac{1}{Δ ω} \geq 10^{- 12} sec$
7.	Voltage pulse amplification by conventional electronic amplifiers	Finite frequency bandwidth	$τ = \frac{1}{Δ ω} \geq 10^{- 10} - 10^{- 11} sec$
8.	Electron beam sweep by voltage pulses fed to the CRO deflector	Quantum shot effect	τ_fl < 10⁻¹⁴ sec
9.	Electron trace recording and information storage

	Image-handling stage	Signal time distortion causes	Physical time resolution
1.	Light-emitting physical event
2.	Light signal communication from event to the IC photo-cathode	Refractive index dispersion of the medium, optical system aberrations	τ_opt
3.	Transformation of light signal into electron signal at the IC photocathode	Finite photocathode layer thickness	τ _PC ∼10⁻¹⁴ sec
4.	Electron flight from photo-cathode to deflector and phosphor screen	Longitudinal chromatic aberration of electron optics	τ_EO
5.	Swept image intensification and recording

Number of IC sample	Literature reference	Input stage cathode-anode voltage (kV)	Number of single electrons fren input photocathode per cm² sec	Number of electron groups fren input photocathode per cm² sec	Total number of single electrons and groups per image element per sec
1.	24	9	20	190	2 × 10⁻²
2.	28	9.2	6	25	3 × 10⁻³
3.	28	8.4	230	730	10⁻¹

	Image-handling stage	Signal time distortion causes	Physical time resolution
1.	Light-emitting physical event
2.	Light signal communication from event to the PM photocathode	Refractive index dispersion of the medium, optical system aberrations	τ_opt
3.	Transformation of light signal at the PM photocathode	Finite photocathode layer thickness	τ_PC ∼ 10⁻¹⁴ sec
4.	Electron flight and multiplication through the PM dynode system	Electron path length spread	τ_PM ≥ 10⁻¹⁰– 10⁻¹¹ sec
5.	Transformation of electron signal into voltage pulse	Capacitor charging	τ = RC_coll
6.	Voltage pulse communication through transmission lines	Finite transmission frequency bandwidth	$τ = \frac{1}{Δ ω} \geq 10^{- 12} sec$
7.	Voltage pulse amplification by conventional electronic amplifiers	Finite frequency bandwidth	$τ = \frac{1}{Δ ω} \geq 10^{- 10} - 10^{- 11} sec$
8.	Electron beam sweep by voltage pulses fed to the CRO deflector	Quantum shot effect	τ_fl < 10⁻¹⁴ sec
9.	Electron trace recording and information storage

	Image-handling stage	Signal time distortion causes	Physical time resolution
1.	Light-emitting physical event
2.	Light signal communication from event to the IC photo-cathode	Refractive index dispersion of the medium, optical system aberrations	τ_opt
3.	Transformation of light signal into electron signal at the IC photocathode	Finite photocathode layer thickness	τ _PC ∼10⁻¹⁴ sec
4.	Electron flight from photo-cathode to deflector and phosphor screen	Longitudinal chromatic aberration of electron optics	τ_EO
5.	Swept image intensification and recording

Abstract

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Figures (11)

Tables (3)

Equations (35)

Applied Optics