Low-altitude infrared propagation in a coastal zone: refraction and scattering
Stephen M. Doss-Hammel, Carl R. Zeisse, Amalia E. Barrios, Gerrit de Leeuw, Marcel Moerman, Arie N. de Jong, Paul A. Frederickson, and Kenneth L. Davidson
Stephen M. Doss-Hammel,
Carl R. Zeisse,
Amalia E. Barrios,
Gerrit de Leeuw,
Marcel Moerman,
Arie N. de Jong,
Paul A. Frederickson,
and Kenneth L. Davidson
S. M. Doss-Hammel (hammel@spawar.navy.mil), C. R. Zeisse, and A. E. Barrios are with the Atmospheric Propagation Branch of the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center D858, 49170 Propagation Path, San Diego, California 92152-7385.
G. de Leeuw, M. Moerman, and A. N. de Jong are with the TNO Physics and Electronic Laboratory, P.O. Box 96864, 2509 JG The Hague, The Netherlands.
P. A. Frederickson and K. L. Davidson are with the Department of Meteorology, 589 Dyer Road, Room 254, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943-5114.
Stephen M. Doss-Hammel, Carl R. Zeisse, Amalia E. Barrios, Gerrit de Leeuw, Marcel Moerman, Arie N. de Jong, Paul A. Frederickson, and Kenneth L. Davidson, "Low-altitude infrared propagation in a coastal zone: refraction and scattering," Appl. Opt. 41, 3706-3724 (2002)
Midwave and long-wave infrared propagation were measured in the marine atmosphere close to the surface of the ocean. Data were collected near San Diego Bay for two weeks in November 1996 over a 15-km horizontal path. The data are interpreted in terms of effects expected from molecules, aerosol particles, and refraction. Aerosol particles are a dominant influence in this coastal zone. They induce a diurnal variation in transmission as their character changes with regular changes in wind direction. A refractive propagation factor calculation is introduced, and it is systematically applied to the model and to the data analysis. It is shown that this refractive propagation factor is a necessary component of a complete near-sea-surface infrared transmission model.
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Uncertainties in the parameters shown in the first column lead to the errors in the last two columns for the predictor. The errors are evaluated at the mean value of the predictor. The last row gives the root sum square of the errors in the first three rows.
Observed signal statistics are given in the rows labeled Obs. Statistics for several comparisons are shown as τm for observation versus clear-air transmission, τ for observation versus transmission, and σ for observation versus signal. N is the number of comparisons, ε is the error, µ is the mean value, σ is the standard deviation, β is the bias, and ρ is the correlation coefficient.
Uncertainties in the parameters shown in the first column lead to the errors in the last two columns for the predictor. The errors are evaluated at the mean value of the predictor. The last row gives the root sum square of the errors in the first three rows.
Observed signal statistics are given in the rows labeled Obs. Statistics for several comparisons are shown as τm for observation versus clear-air transmission, τ for observation versus transmission, and σ for observation versus signal. N is the number of comparisons, ε is the error, µ is the mean value, σ is the standard deviation, β is the bias, and ρ is the correlation coefficient.
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