Semiactive infrared remote sensing: a practical prototype and field comparison

Timothy J. Johnson; Bruce A. Roberts; James F. Kelly

doi:10.1364/AO.43.000638

Applied Optics
Vol. 43,
Issue 3,
pp. 638-650
(2004)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.43.000638

Semiactive infrared remote sensing: a practical prototype and field comparison

Timothy J. Johnson, Bruce A. Roberts, and James F. Kelly

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Timothy J. Johnson, Bruce A. Roberts, and James F. Kelly, "Semiactive infrared remote sensing: a practical prototype and field comparison," Appl. Opt. 43, 638-650 (2004)

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Abstract

A semiactive method of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) remote sensing has been developed and field tested. The method replaces the sender telescope of an active technique with an extended, heated broadband source. The output of the extended source (a commercial griddle) is not collimated and thus facilitates alignment by having the detector optics simply point at the griddle. The present source fills the detector’s field of view at 100 m and maintains a temperature ∼80 K warmer than ambient. In field tests with live CO releases, the method was ∼30 times less sensitive than active methods, but ∼30 times more sensitive than passive methods, with far greater sensitivity in the midwave infrared.

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File	Time Interval	Site	Release Mixing Ratio/CO	Grid Stack (cm)	Stack Temperaturea (°C)	Plume Temperatureb (°C)	Griddle Temp (°C)	Background Temp (°C)
GR10	13:48–13:50	Griddle	0:Background	50.8	130	68.1	112 ± 13	32.8
SK10	13:52–13:54	Sky	0:Background	50.8	130	71.1		32.9
TL11	14:06–14:08	Sender	0:Background	50.8	133	66.2		32.7
TL12	14:19–14:21	Sender	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	70.2		33.8
GR12	14:23–14:25	Griddle	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	72.7	97 ± 12	33.7
SK12	14:26–14:28	Sky	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	73.4		33.4
TL13	14:31–14:33	Sender	5000 ppm	50.8	133	72.6		33.8
GR13	14:34–14:36	Griddle	5000 ppm	50.8	133	66.9	97 ± 13	33.8
SK13	14:36–14:38	Sky	5000 ppm	50.8	133	73.4		33.3
TL14	14:39–14:41	Sender	2500 ppm	50.8	133	68.5		33.7
GR14	14:42–14:44	Griddle	2500 ppm	50.8	135	71.3	97 ± 12	33.2
SK14	14:44–14:46	Sky	2500 ppm	50.8	135	67.4		33.0
TL15	15:30–15:32	Sender	0:Background	97.8	133	62.8		32.9
GR15	15:34–15:36	Griddle	0:Background	97.8	133	59.3	109 ± 13	33.5
SK15	15:38–15:40	Sky	0:Background	97.8	140	61.2		33.1
TL16	15:47–15:49	Sender	10,000 ppm	97.8	139	60.0		33.6
GR16	15:50–15:52	Griddle	10,000 ppm	97.8	139	61.0	107 ± 13	33.5
SK16	15:53–15:55	Sky	10,000 ppm	97.8	140	62.0		33.3
TL17	15:56–15:58	Sender	5000 ppm	97.8	141	58.6		33.1
GR17	15:59–16:01	Griddle	5000 ppm	97.8	142	59.5	109 ± 14	33.6
SK17	16:01–16:03	Sky	5000 ppm	97.8	142	61.6		33.8
TL18	16:10–16:12	Sender	2500 ppm	97.8	138	61.3		33.5
GR18	16:13–16:15	Griddle	2500 ppm	97.8	138	51.1	102 ± 14	33.5
SK18	16:36–16:38	Sky	2500 ppm	97.8	135	61.0		33.3
TL19	17:07–17:09	Sender	0:Background	209.5	120	49.1		33.3
GR19	17:14–17:16	Griddle	0:Background	209.5	137	50.3	106 ± 12	33.5
SK19	17:17–17:19	Sky	0:Background	209.5	137	49.9		33.4
TL20	17:23–17:25	Sender	10,000 ppm	209.5	139	49.9		33.3
GR20	17:26–17:28	Griddle	10,000 ppm	209.5	139	49.5	106 ± 13	33.2
SK20	17:28–17:30	Sky	10,000 ppm	209.5	140	50.0		33.3
TL21	17:32–17:34	Sender	5000 ppm	209.5	134	51.1		33.0
GR21	17:35–17:37	Griddle	5000 ppm	209.5	140	51.4	105 ± 11	33.0
SK21	17:37–17:39	Sky	5000 ppm	209.5	140	52.0		33.2
TL22	17:41–17:43	Sender	2500 ppm	209.5	142	49.9		33.2
GR22	17:45–17:47	Griddle	2500 ppm	209.5	142	49.9	96 ± 12	33.0
SK22	17:48–17:50	Sky	2500 ppm	209.5	142	51.9		33.1
TL23	18:00–18:02	Sender	5000 ppm	209.5	71c	40.7		32.4
GR23	18:02–18:04	Griddle	5000 ppm	209.5	66c	40.6	103 ± 13	32.4
SK23	18:04–18:06	Sky	5000 ppm	209.5	63c	40.8		32.4

File and Target	Stack/Background Temperatures (°C)	Stack Mixing Ratio CO (ppm)	Peak Height (CO 2179 cm^-1)	∫ CO Band (cm^-1)	Established CO Mixing Ratio (ppm) (assume 0.3 m)	Calculated Detection Limit (ppm)
97.8 cm
TL16 sender	139/33.6	10,000	0.2164	6.2781	1950	3.66
GR16 griddle	139/33.5	10,000	0.1941	5.8439	1815	95
SK16 sky	140/33.3	10,000				1856
TL17 sender	141/33.1	5000	0.2012	6.0129	1867	2.05
GR17 griddle	142/33.6	5000	0.1589	4.7400	1472	118
SK17 sky	142/33.8	5000				1054
TL18 sender	138/33.5	2500	0.1038	3.0230	939	4.29
GR18 griddle	138/33.5	2500	0.0202	0.6462	201	xxx
SK18 sky	135/33.3	2500				676
209.5 cm
TL20 sender	139/33.3	10,000	0.2211	6.4961	2018	2.89
GR20 griddle	139/33.2	10,000	0.1883	4.2280	1313	86
SK20 sky	140/33.3	10,000				5092
TL21 sender	134/33.0	5000	0.1256	3.3334	1036	2.97
GR21 griddle	140/33.0	5000	0.0987	1.8631	579	111
SK21 sky	140/33.2	5000				4420
TL22 sender	142/33.2	2500	0.0762	1.7913	556	4.85
GR22 griddle	142/33.0	2500	0.0972	1.5883	493	88
SK22 sky	142/33.1	2500				804
209.5 cm, coolerb
TL23 sender	71/32.4	5000	0.1710	4.3789	1360	7.97
GR23 griddle	66/32.4	5000	0.1728	3.5873	1114	160
SK23 sky	63/32.4	5000				>5000

File	Time Interval	Site	Release Mixing Ratio/CO	Grid Stack (cm)	Stack Temperaturea (°C)	Plume Temperatureb (°C)	Griddle Temp (°C)	Background Temp (°C)
GR10	13:48–13:50	Griddle	0:Background	50.8	130	68.1	112 ± 13	32.8
SK10	13:52–13:54	Sky	0:Background	50.8	130	71.1		32.9
TL11	14:06–14:08	Sender	0:Background	50.8	133	66.2		32.7
TL12	14:19–14:21	Sender	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	70.2		33.8
GR12	14:23–14:25	Griddle	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	72.7	97 ± 12	33.7
SK12	14:26–14:28	Sky	10,000 ppm	50.8	133	73.4		33.4
TL13	14:31–14:33	Sender	5000 ppm	50.8	133	72.6		33.8
GR13	14:34–14:36	Griddle	5000 ppm	50.8	133	66.9	97 ± 13	33.8
SK13	14:36–14:38	Sky	5000 ppm	50.8	133	73.4		33.3
TL14	14:39–14:41	Sender	2500 ppm	50.8	133	68.5		33.7
GR14	14:42–14:44	Griddle	2500 ppm	50.8	135	71.3	97 ± 12	33.2
SK14	14:44–14:46	Sky	2500 ppm	50.8	135	67.4		33.0
TL15	15:30–15:32	Sender	0:Background	97.8	133	62.8		32.9
GR15	15:34–15:36	Griddle	0:Background	97.8	133	59.3	109 ± 13	33.5
SK15	15:38–15:40	Sky	0:Background	97.8	140	61.2		33.1
TL16	15:47–15:49	Sender	10,000 ppm	97.8	139	60.0		33.6
GR16	15:50–15:52	Griddle	10,000 ppm	97.8	139	61.0	107 ± 13	33.5
SK16	15:53–15:55	Sky	10,000 ppm	97.8	140	62.0		33.3
TL17	15:56–15:58	Sender	5000 ppm	97.8	141	58.6		33.1
GR17	15:59–16:01	Griddle	5000 ppm	97.8	142	59.5	109 ± 14	33.6
SK17	16:01–16:03	Sky	5000 ppm	97.8	142	61.6		33.8
TL18	16:10–16:12	Sender	2500 ppm	97.8	138	61.3		33.5
GR18	16:13–16:15	Griddle	2500 ppm	97.8	138	51.1	102 ± 14	33.5
SK18	16:36–16:38	Sky	2500 ppm	97.8	135	61.0		33.3
TL19	17:07–17:09	Sender	0:Background	209.5	120	49.1		33.3
GR19	17:14–17:16	Griddle	0:Background	209.5	137	50.3	106 ± 12	33.5
SK19	17:17–17:19	Sky	0:Background	209.5	137	49.9		33.4
TL20	17:23–17:25	Sender	10,000 ppm	209.5	139	49.9		33.3
GR20	17:26–17:28	Griddle	10,000 ppm	209.5	139	49.5	106 ± 13	33.2
SK20	17:28–17:30	Sky	10,000 ppm	209.5	140	50.0		33.3
TL21	17:32–17:34	Sender	5000 ppm	209.5	134	51.1		33.0
GR21	17:35–17:37	Griddle	5000 ppm	209.5	140	51.4	105 ± 11	33.0
SK21	17:37–17:39	Sky	5000 ppm	209.5	140	52.0		33.2
TL22	17:41–17:43	Sender	2500 ppm	209.5	142	49.9		33.2
GR22	17:45–17:47	Griddle	2500 ppm	209.5	142	49.9	96 ± 12	33.0
SK22	17:48–17:50	Sky	2500 ppm	209.5	142	51.9		33.1
TL23	18:00–18:02	Sender	5000 ppm	209.5	71c	40.7		32.4
GR23	18:02–18:04	Griddle	5000 ppm	209.5	66c	40.6	103 ± 13	32.4
SK23	18:04–18:06	Sky	5000 ppm	209.5	63c	40.8		32.4

File and Target	Stack/Background Temperatures (°C)	Stack Mixing Ratio CO (ppm)	Peak Height (CO 2179 cm^-1)	∫ CO Band (cm^-1)	Established CO Mixing Ratio (ppm) (assume 0.3 m)	Calculated Detection Limit (ppm)
97.8 cm
TL16 sender	139/33.6	10,000	0.2164	6.2781	1950	3.66
GR16 griddle	139/33.5	10,000	0.1941	5.8439	1815	95
SK16 sky	140/33.3	10,000				1856
TL17 sender	141/33.1	5000	0.2012	6.0129	1867	2.05
GR17 griddle	142/33.6	5000	0.1589	4.7400	1472	118
SK17 sky	142/33.8	5000				1054
TL18 sender	138/33.5	2500	0.1038	3.0230	939	4.29
GR18 griddle	138/33.5	2500	0.0202	0.6462	201	xxx
SK18 sky	135/33.3	2500				676
209.5 cm
TL20 sender	139/33.3	10,000	0.2211	6.4961	2018	2.89
GR20 griddle	139/33.2	10,000	0.1883	4.2280	1313	86
SK20 sky	140/33.3	10,000				5092
TL21 sender	134/33.0	5000	0.1256	3.3334	1036	2.97
GR21 griddle	140/33.0	5000	0.0987	1.8631	579	111
SK21 sky	140/33.2	5000				4420
TL22 sender	142/33.2	2500	0.0762	1.7913	556	4.85
GR22 griddle	142/33.0	2500	0.0972	1.5883	493	88
SK22 sky	142/33.1	2500				804
209.5 cm, coolerb
TL23 sender	71/32.4	5000	0.1710	4.3789	1360	7.97
GR23 griddle	66/32.4	5000	0.1728	3.5873	1114	160
SK23 sky	63/32.4	5000				>5000

Abstract

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Tables (2)

Equations (6)

Applied Optics