Abstract

A series of waveguides was inscribed in a borosilicate glass (BK7) by an $11\mathrm{MHz}$ repetition rate femtosecond laser operating with pulse energies from 16 to $30\mathrm{nJ}$ and focused at various depths within the bulk material. The index modification was measured using a quantitative phase microscopy technique that revealed central index changes ranging from $5\times {10}^{-3}$ to ${10}^{-2}$, leading to waveguides that exhibited propagation losses of $0.2\mathrm{dB}/\mathrm{cm}$ at a wavelength of $633\mathrm{nm}$ and $0.6\mathrm{dB}/\mathrm{cm}$ at a wavelength of $1550\mathrm{nm}$ with efficient mode matching, less than $0.2\mathrm{dB}$, to standard optical fibers. Analysis of the experimental data shows that, for a given inscription energy, the index modification has a strong dependence on inscription scanning velocity. At higher energies, the index modification increases with increasing inscription scanning velocity with other fabrication parameters constant.

© 2010 Optical Society of America

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