Elemental analysis of cotton by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Emily R. Schenk; Jose R. Almirall

doi:10.1364/AO.49.00C153

Applied Optics
Vol. 49,
Issue 13,
pp. C153-C160
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.00C153

Elemental analysis of cotton by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Emily R. Schenk and Jose R. Almirall

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Emily R. Schenk and Jose R. Almirall, "Elemental analysis of cotton by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 49, C153-C160 (2010)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 6, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: January 27, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: January 29, 2010
- Published: March 16, 2010
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 5, Iss. 9

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to the elemental characterization of unprocessed cotton. This research is important in forensic and fraud detection applications to establish an elemental fingerprint of U.S. cotton by region, which can be used to determine the source of the cotton. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LIBS method for the elemental analysis of cotton. The experimental setup consists of a Nd:YAG laser that operates at the fundamental wavelength as the LIBS excitation source and an echelle spectrometer equipped with an intensified CCD camera. The relative concentrations of elements Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Sr from both nutrients and environmental contributions were determined by LIBS. Principal component analysis was used to visualize the differences between cotton samples based on the elemental composition by region in the U.S. Linear discriminant analysis of the LIBS data resulted in the correct classification of $> 97 %$ of the cotton samples by U.S. region and $> 81 %$ correct classification by state of origin.

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Cotton Reference Material
Element	Al	Ba	Ca	Cr	Cu	Fe	Mg	Sr
True mean (ppm)	44	9	240	0.11	0.59	11	53	0.65
Uncertainty (ppm)	13–53	6–12	220–260	0.08–0.14	0.47–0.94	7–15	46–67	0.54–0.96
Exp. mean (ppm)	$42 \pm 2$	$13 \pm 3$	$262 \pm 28$	ND	ND	$11 \pm 2$	$42 \pm 5$	$1.17 \pm 0.4$
%RSD	12	9	8	—	—	4	8	6
% error	5	30	9	—	—		28	80
LOD (ppm)	12	8	51	$> 12$	$> 19$	2	2	0.90

Cotton Reference Material
Element	${}^{25}{Mg}$	${}^{27}{Al}$	${}^{57}{Fe}$	${}^{88}{Sr}$	${}^{137}{Ba}$
Exp. mean (ppm)	53	44	11	0.65	9
% RSD	1.8	3.0	7.4	4.0	2.9
LOD (ppm)	0.16	0.10	0.12	0.02	0.01

Unprocessed Cotton LIBS Results
Classification	State and Year	State	Region
Number of misclassified samples	41	25	3
Percent correctly classified	$> 69 %$	$> 81 %$	$> 97 %$

	Arizona	California	Mississippi	New Mexico	North Carolina	Texas
Arizona	18	2	0	0	0	0
California	0	27	0	0	0	0
Mississippi	2	0	15	0	0	0
New Mexico	3	0	0	25	0	3
North Carolina	0	0	5	0	10	0
Texas	2	1	1	4	0	16

Cotton Reference Material
Element	Al	Ba	Ca	Cr	Cu	Fe	Mg	Sr
True mean (ppm)	44	9	240	0.11	0.59	11	53	0.65
Uncertainty (ppm)	13–53	6–12	220–260	0.08–0.14	0.47–0.94	7–15	46–67	0.54–0.96
Exp. mean (ppm)	$42 \pm 2$	$13 \pm 3$	$262 \pm 28$	ND	ND	$11 \pm 2$	$42 \pm 5$	$1.17 \pm 0.4$
%RSD	12	9	8	—	—	4	8	6
% error	5	30	9	—	—		28	80
LOD (ppm)	12	8	51	$> 12$	$> 19$	2	2	0.90

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