Detection of chloride in reinforced concrete using a dualpulsed laser-induced breakdown spectrometer system: comparative study of the atomic transition lines of Cl I at 594.85 and 837.59&#xA0;nm

Mohammed Ashraf Gondal; Mohamed Abdulkader Dastageer; Mohammed Maslehuddin; Abdul Jabar Alnehmi; Omar Saeed Baghabra Al-Amoudi

doi:10.1364/AO.50.003488

Applied Optics
Vol. 50,
Issue 20,
pp. 3488-3496
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.003488

Detection of chloride in reinforced concrete using a dual pulsed laser-induced breakdown spectrometer system: comparative study of the atomic transition lines of Cl I at 594.85 and 837.59 nm

Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Mohamed Abdulkader Dastageer, Mohammed Maslehuddin, Abdul Jabar Alnehmi, and Omar Saeed Baghabra Al-Amoudi

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Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Mohamed Abdulkader Dastageer, Mohammed Maslehuddin, Abdul Jabar Alnehmi, and Omar Saeed Baghabra Al-Amoudi, "Detection of chloride in reinforced concrete using a dualpulsed laser-induced breakdown spectrometer system: comparative study of the atomic transition lines of Cl I at 594.85 and 837.59 nm," Appl. Opt. 50, 3488-3496 (2011)

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Abstract

The presence of chloride in reinforced concrete can cause severe damage to the strength and durability of buildings and bridges. The detection of chloride in concrete structures at early stages of the corrosion buildup process is, therefore, very important. However, detection of chlorine in trace amounts in concrete is not a simple matter. A dual-pulsed laser-induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS) has been developed at our laboratory for the detection of chloride contents in reinforced concrete by using two atomic transition lines of neutral chlorine (Cl I) at 594.8 and $837.5 nm$ . A calibration curve was also established by using standard samples containing chloride in known concentration in the concrete. Our dual-pulsed LIBS system demonstrated a substantial improvement in the signal level at both wavelengths (594.8 and $837.5 nm$ ). However, the new atomic transition line at $594.8 nm$ shows a significant improvement compared to the line at $837.5 nm$ in spite of the fact that the relative intensity of the former is 0.1% of the latter. This weak signal level of the $837.5 nm$ transition line of chlorine can be attributed to some kind of self-absorption process taking place in the case of the concrete sample.

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Wavelength (nm)	Element	Configuration
284.17	Na II	$2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 s - 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 p$
288.15	Si I	$3 s^{2} 3 p^{2} - 3 s^{2} 3 p 4 s$
308.21	Al I	$3 s^{2} 3 p - 3 s^{2} 3 d$
309.27	Al I	$3 s^{2} 3 p - 3 s^{2} 3 d$
315.88	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 d$
317.93	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 d$
328.56	Na II	$2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 s - 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 p$
358.21	Fe I	$3 d 7 (2 H) 4 s - 3 d 6 (3 D) 4 s 4 p (3 P^{0})$
363.12	Na II	$2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 s - 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5} 3 p$
370.60	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 p - 3 p^{6} 5 s$
373.69	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 p - 3 p^{6} 5 s$
393.36	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 s - 3 p^{6} 4 p$
394.40	Al I	$3 s^{2} 3 p - 3 s^{2} 4 s$
396.15	Al I	$3 s^{2} 3 p - 3 s^{2} 4 s$
396.84	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 4 s - 3 p^{6} 4 p$
422.67	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 5 p - 3 p^{6} 8 s$
426.72	C II	$2 s^{2} 3 d - 2 s^{2} 4 f$
430.25	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 p^{2}$
442.54	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 s 4 d$
443.56	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 s 4 d$
445.58	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 s 4 d$
594.85	Cl I	$3 s^{2} 3 p^{4} ({{}^{3}P}_{1}) 4 p - 3 s^{2} 3 p^{4} ({}^{3}P) 5 d$
610.27	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 s 5 s$
612.21	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p - 3 p^{6} 4 s 5 s$
649.37	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 3 d 4 s - 3 p^{6} 3 d 4 p$
657.27	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 4 s 2 - 3 p^{6} 4 s 4 p$
671.76	Ca I	$3 p^{6} 3 d 4 s - 3 p^{6} 4 s 5 p$
818.32	Na I	$2 p^{6} 3 p - 2 p^{6} 3 d$
819.48	Na I	$2 p^{6} 3 p - 2 p^{6} 3 d$
837.59	Cl I	$3 s^{2} 3 p^{4} ({}^{3}P) 4 s - 3 s^{2} 3 p^{4} ({}^{3}P) 4 p$
844.67	O I	$2 s^{2} 2 p^{3} ({{}^{4}S}^{0}) 3 s - 2 s^{2} 2 p^{3} ({{}^{4}S}^{0}) 3 p$
849.80	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 3 d - 3 p^{6} 4 p$
854.20	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 3 d - 3 p^{6} 4 p$
866.21	Ca II	$3 p^{6} 3 d - 3 p^{6} 4 p$

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Applied Optics